PERU

Subject Headings (I-Z)

SUBJECT ARRANGEMENT (A-H)

Note: The Teleley database is so responsive, easy to use and almost totally comprehensive that we recommend it, even though it is proprietary (very reasonably priced) for access to all current Peruvian legislation and regulation. We do not cite to it in every instance, but the Spanish texts are easily available at http://www.teleley.com or http://www.asesor.com.pe/teleley. All texts are also available on the Congress’ website at http://www.congreso.gob.pe/. Also the researcher can immediately reach the text or the specific law by adding to the URL-ntley/Imagenes/Leyes/<number of law sought>.pdf.

ABORTION AND FAMILY PLANNING
Criminal Code, sections 114–183 (abortion and interruption of pregnancy). Translated in 18 Annual review of population law¤ appendix 240 (1991). Amended by Ley 2,771 of 8 May 2002.
Decreto legislativo 346 of 6 Jul 1985 (national population policy). Modified by Ley 26,530 (abortion) in El Peruano 10 Sep 1995. Translated in 12 Annual review of population law.¤

ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING

Ley general del sistema nacional de contabilidad. Ley 28,708 of 20 Mar 2006 (general principles and norms of accounting). Derogates Leyes 24,680 and 27,312..

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND PROCEDURE
    Ley del procedimiento administrativo general. Ley 27,444 of 2001 in El Peruano 11 Apr 2001. This is a comprehensive law on all aspects of administrative procedure within the government and its entities, both centralized and decentralized. In force 11 Oct 2001, at which time it replaced Decreto supremo 2-94-JUS of 31 Jan 1994 which had been the unified text of the 1967 law as reformed in 1992. It also derogates Ley 25,035, Ley de simplificación administrativa. The general administrative procedure law reformed in part by Ley 28,996 in El Peruano 4 Apr 2007 (removal or elimination of bureaucratic obstacles and simplification of economic activities, including investment). Further reformed by Ley 28,060 in El Peruano 7 Jul 2007 (confidentiality of administrative proceedings and on the requirements of response in administrative proceedings).
    One should be aware that in addition to the general law on administrative procedure (above), each of the several dozen separate government agencies and ministries has its own “Texto unico de procedimientos administrativo” issued under Ley 757 of 1991 (framework law on encouragement of foreign investment). Examples would be Decreto supremo 27-2001-MTC of 29 Jun 2001 for the Institución Pública Descentralzada del Ministerio de Transportes, Communicaciones, Vivienda y Construcción (INCITEL); Decreto supremo 42-99-EF of 1999 for the Ministerio de Economia y Finanzas, etc.
    Ley 28,040 of 25 Jul 2003 (creating the Tribunal Administrativo Provisional).

Ley orgánica del Sistema Nacional de Control y de la Controloria Genera de la Republica. Ley 27,785 of 2002 (citizen complaints about administrative actions) in El Peruano 23 Jul 2002. Regulated in part by Controloria Resolución 143-2003-CG of 8 Apr 2003 and Resolución 443-2003-CG in El Peruano 14 Jan 2004.

    Ley 28,024 of 11 Jul 2003 (public administration in matters of public interest) in El Peruano 12 Jul 2003.
    Ley marco del empleo público. Ley 28,175 of 18 Feb 2004 in El Peruano 29 Feb 2004. This framework law on public employment and employees is one of a continuing series of laws touching on the civil service and also dealing with branches of the administration. It creates a Tribunal del empleo público and a Consejo superior del empleo público. In force 1 Jan 2005.
    Procedimientos administrativas del poder judicial. Ley 27,273 of 2000. Resolución administrativa 1134-CME-PJ of 18 May 2000.
    Ley de bases de la descentralización in El Peruano 20 Jul 2002. Derogates the earlier Ley 26,922 of 1998 (Ley marco de descentralización) and serves as the law for decentralization of the government and gives authority to regions, provinces and municipalities.

Ley 27,584 of 7 Dec 2001 (regulating contentious administrative procedures) in El Peruano 7 Dec 2001. In force 6 Jan 2002. Current consolidated text by Decreto supremo 13-2008-JUS in El Peruano 29 Aug 2008.

Ley 27,658 of 29 Jan 2002 (framework law on modernization of national state management and public administration) in El Peruano 30 Jan 2002.
Ley 27,815 of 12 Aug 2002 (Code of ethics of the civil service and public employees) in El Peruano 13 Aug 2002. Full text available in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡ Regulated by Decreto supremo 33-2005-PCM and Resolución suprema 120-2010-PCM of 21 May 2010.

See also NATURAL DISASTERS

ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
    Reglamento de Organización y funciones del Ministerio de Justicia. Resolución Ministerial 190-99-JUS of 20 Jun 1999.
    Ley orgánica del poder judicial. Decreto legislativo 767 of 3 Dec 1991 in El Peruano 4 Dec 1991. Reprinted in 43 Revista jurídica del Peru 46 (1992). Consolidated as Texto unico ordenado de la Ley orgánica del poder judicialorgánica in El Peruano 2 Jun 1993.
    Ley del sector justicia. Decreto ley 117 of 12 Jun 1981 in El Peruano 17–15 Jun 1981. Reformed by Decreto 11-90-JUS of 7 Apr 1990 in El Peruano 7 Oct 1990.
    Reglamento de los Consejos de la Magistratura. Resolución 18-91-CNM of 23 May 1991.
    Ley 26, 546 of 21 Nov 1995 creates Comisión Ejecutivo del Poder Judicial. Implemented by Resolución administrativa 18-CME-PJ of 10 Jan 1996.
    Constitutional Court guaranteed by arts. 201–204 of the 1993 constitution. The organic law called for by art. 203 to regulate the court is Resolución ministerial 196-97-EF15 of 24 Oct 1997 and Ley orgánica del Tribunal Constitucional 26,435 of 10 Jan 1995. Resolución administrativa 33-2003-P/TC in El Peruano 6 Mar 2003 contains detailed regulations and norms governing the Constitutional Court. In effect this should be regarded as a consolidated revision of the 1995 Ley orgánica. Further regulated by Resolución administrativa 111-2003-P/TC, Reglamento normativo del Tribunal Constitucional of 19 Aug 2003, in El Peruano 1 Sep 2003.

Ley 28,083 of 3 Oct 2003 (creating the Comisión Especial para la Reforma Integral de la Administracion de Justicia) in El Peruano 4 Oct 2003.
Ley 28,545 (regulating elections of justices of the peace) in El Peruano 18 Jun 2005.

Ley of 13 May 2009 (public defender service) in El Peruano 14 May 2009. Repeals Ley 27,019.

Ley de la carrera judicial. Ley 29,277 of 18 Oct 2008 in El Peruano 7 Nov 2008. This covers the judicial career for all judges: Justices of the Peace, Mixed Court judges, Superior Court judges and Supreme Court judges and also independence of the judiciary, ethics, tenure, etc. Derogates or amends many sections of the Ley orgánica del poder judicial. Decreto legislativo 767 of 1991 (above).

See also POLICE

ADMIRALTY
See MARITIME LAW

ADOPTION
    Nuevo código de los niños y adolescentes, sections 1,150 and following (see FAMILY).
    An overview of Peruvian law and practice concerning adoption presented in Internal and intercountry adoption laws.¤
    Hague adoption convention± 1 Jan 1996; Hague protection of children and intercountry adoption convention.±

AGENTS AND AGENCY

See BRANCHES AND SUBSIDIARIES

AIDS

See HIV/AIDS

AIR AND SPACE LAW
Ley de aeronautica civil del Peru. Ley 27,261 of 10 May 2000 in El Peruano 11 May 2000. Regulated by Decreto supremo 50-2001-MTC of 21 Dec 2001 in El Peruano 26 Dec 2001.

New technical regulations on air transport are being issued in parts: Regulaciones aeronauticas del Peru, Resolución directorial 110-98-MTC/15.16 of 23 Nov 1998. Most currently by Resolución directorial 162-2003-MTC/12 of 22 May 2003 in El Peruano 29 Jun 2003, Resolución directorial 31 of 16 Mar 2004 in El Peruano 21 Mar 2004 and Resolución directorial 182 of 2004, as “Revision 17,” in El Peruano 11 Feb 2004.

Ley 28,404 of 30 Nov 2004 (aviation security) in El Peruano 30 Nov 2004. Implemented by Decreto supremo 7-2006-MTC in El Peruano 29 Jan 2006.
Chicago convention,± effective 8 Apr 1946; Montreal convention± 2009; Tokyo convention,± effective 12 May 1978 [not section 24(1)].

ALIENS
See CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONALITY

ANIMALS AND ANIMAL WELFARE

ANDEAN COMMUNITY

Decision 335 of the commission of the Cartagena Agreement reinstates Peru to full membership in the Andean Pact. A good deal of Peruvian legislation, when mandated by the Andean Pact, is received verbatim by Peru. Most of this may be found in the Colombian service, Legal bulletin. Vol. 1–37, 1963–2000 (no more published?). Bogotá, Juan Caro and Associados, 1963. In early 1997 Peru formally gave notice of its intention to withdraw from the Andean Pact; on 25 Jun 1997 it rescinded this notice and announced it would remain in the Community.

ANTITRUST AND TRADE REGULATION (UNFAIR COMPETITION)
CONSTITUTION.

Ley de represión de la competencia desleal. Decreto legislativo 1,044 of 2008 (comprehensive law on unfair competition and also regulates advertising of goods, etc.) in El Peruano 26 Jun 2008. In force 26 Jul 2008. Abrogates and replaces Decreto ley 26,122 of 1992 and also Decreto legislative 691, Decreto supremo 39-2000-ITINCI and Decreto supremo 20-19942000-ITINCI .

Ley de represión de conduetas anticompetitivas. Decreto legislativo 1,034 of 24 Jun 2008 (prohibiting and sanctioning anticompetitive practices, abuse of dominant position and enforcing authority of agencies defending free competition) in El Peruano 27 Jun 2008. Derogates and replaces Decreto legislativo 701 of 5 Nov 1991.

Ley antimonopolio y antioligopolio del sector elétrico. Ley 26,876 in El Peruano 19 Nov 1997. Regulated by Decreto supremo 17-98-ITINCI of 2 Oct 1998 in El Peruano 16 Oct 1998. Full text available in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡

Quite brief but not uninformative analysis and description of laws governing mergers in Merger control worldwide.¤

ARBITRATION, DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL (CIVIL)
Ley de arbitraje. Decreto legislativo of 28 Jun 2008. In force 1 Sep 2008 at which time Ley 26,572 of 1996 was abrogated. Official text at http://www.kluwerarbitration.com/.‡
Ley de conciliación extrajudicial. Ley 26,872 of 2 Nov 1997. in El Peruano 13 Nov 1997. Spanish text reprinted in Doing business in Peru.* English translation at http://www.cejamericas.org/ (click on Biblioteca, then Legislación, then Código y Leyes). Implemented by Decreto supremo 4-2005-JUS in El Peruano 27 Feb 2005. In force 27 Jul 2005. Replaces the original regulation, Decreto supremo 1-98-JUS of 14 Jun 1998 as amended. Mandatory conciliation prior to filing suit in Lima or Callao is in force as of 1 Mar 2001 by Ley 27,398.

Resolución 258-208 CONSUCODE/PRE (code of ethics for arbitrators) in El Peruano 11 Jun 2008.
ICSID investment disputes convention± 4 Sep 1991; New York convention± 5 Oct 1988.

ART

See PROPERTY

ASSOCIATIONS

See ORGANIZATIONS

BANKRUPTCY (INSOLVENCY)
Ley general del sistema concursal. Ley 27,809 in El Peruano 8 Aug 2002. This is a comprehensive bankruptcy law, applicable to both natural and juridical persons domiciled in Peru, excepting enterprises that form part of the nation’s financial and insurance system and enterprises functioning under the authority of CONASEV (Comision Nacional Supervisoria de Empresas y Valores). Creates Comisión de Procedimientos Concursales which is in charge of all aspects of: dissolution; restructuring of enterprises; reprogramming of obligations, etc. Abrogates the earlier bankruptcy law, Decreto 945 of 20 Sep 1996, Ley de reestructuración patrimonial, as reformed and expanded by Ley 27,146 of 24 Jun 1999. Regulated by Resolución 609/2005/TDC-INDECOPI (Council of Creditors) in El Peruano 23 Jun 2005.

Ley de los sistemas de pagos y de liquidación de valores. Ley 29,440 (legal regime for payment systems and insolvency procedures governed by banking enterprises) in El Peruano 19 Nov 2009.

BANKS AND BANKING
    Estatuto de la Banco de la Nación. Decreto supremo 7-94-EF of 26 Jan 1994 in El Peruano 29 Jan 1994. Current text on the Bank’s website at http://www.bn.com.pe/. Derogates Decreto legislativo 199, Ley orgánica del Banco de la Nación and Decreto supremo 237-81-EFC, Estatuto del Banco de la Nación.
    Statute of the Banco Central de Reserva of 10 Feb 1994 in El Peruano 27 Feb 1994. Repealing Decreto supremo 29,568. Spanish text available at http://www.law.nyu.edu/centralbankscenter/index.html.
    Ley general de sistema financiero y del sistema de seguros y orgánica de la Superintendencia de Banca y Seguros. Ley 26,702 of 9 Dec 1996 in El Peruano 29 Dec 1996. Spanish text reprinted in Doing business in Peru.* Replaces Decreto legislativo 637 of 1991. Translated, through 2004, at http://checkpoint.riag.com/.‡ Current official text and English translation on the website of the Superintendencia de Banca at http://www.sbs.gob.pe/.Amended by Leyes 27,008 and 27,102. Current official text on the website of the Superintendencia de Banca at http://www.sbs.gob.pe/.

    Resolución SBS-816-2005 (regulation of sanctions applicable to natural and juridical persons under the Ley general de sistema financiero) in El Peruano 6 Jun 2005.
    Ley 24,723 of 29 Sep 1987 (declaration that banking and financial services are reserved to the state). Abrogated by Ley 24,977 of 4 Dec 2009.
    Resolución SBS-904-97 of 30 Dec 1997 (regulations preventing money laundering in the financial system). Full text available in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡
    Decreto de urgencia 108 of 27 Nov 2000 in El Peruano 28 Nov 2000. Creates a program for “consolidation of the financial system” in order to facilitate reorganization of groups of companies. Decreto de urgencia 44 of 11 Apr 2001 (further continues this process) in El Peruano 12 Apr 2001.
    Reglamento operativo del Programa de consolidación del sistema financiero. Regulations contained in Resolución ministerial 174-2000-EF and amendments 124-2001-EF and 131-2001-EF.

Impuesto a las transacciones financieras. Decreto legislativo 939 of 5 Dec 2003 (combating evasions of the taxation of financial transactions) in El Peruano 5 Dec 2003. Regulated by Decreto supremo 190-2003-EF in El Peruano 24 Dec 2003. Modified by Decreto supremo 30-2004-EF in El Peruano 26 Feb 2004. A series of amendments, proposed laws 9,395–9,398 were introduced 12 Jan 2004. This is a complex, possibly not well thought out, and likely short lived revenue-related law (see below). The basic law amended by Decreto legislativo 947 of 26 Jan 2004 in El Peruano 27 Jan 2004.

Ley 28,194 of 25 Mar 2004 in El Peruano 26 Mar 2004. Amending Ley 26,702, the General banking law regarding “bancarización” and the means of controlling evasions of payments due the government and the taxation on financial transactions. Substantially derogates Decreto legislativo 939 of 2003 (above). The taxation aspects on financial transactions on personal activity with banks, to be in force 1 Feb 2004–31 Dec 2006, remains in place, but is contentious and continues subject to modification. Ley 28,194 regulated by Decreto supremo 47-2004-EF of 8 Apr 2004. Full text of the basic law and all related decrees and banking resolutions on the SUNAT website at http://www.sunat.gob.pe/.

Decreto legislativo 932 of 10 Oct 2003 (control of electronic communications or limitation of their use by banking and financial enterprises) in El Peruano 10 Oct 2003. Implemented by norms for use in Decreto supremo 98-2004-EF in El Peruano 22 Jul 2004.

Ley 28,556 (regulating automatic payment of debts by banks and third parties) in El Peruano 28 Jun 2005.

Ley 28,587 of 2005 (consumer protection in matters connected with financial institutions and services) in El Peruano 21 Jul 2005. Spanish text available at http://natlaw.com/interam/.‡

Ley de los sistemas de pagos y de liquidación de valores. Ley 29,440 (legal regime for payment systems and insolvency procedures governed by banking enterprises) in El Peruano 19 Nov 2009.

Ley 29,038 (incorporating the National Financial Intelligence Unit into the Superintendencia de Banca) in El Peruano 6 Jun 2007. Current official text on the website of the Superintendencia de Banca at http://www.sbs.gob.pe/.
See also CURRENCY CONTROL AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE REGULATION

MONEY LAUNDERING

BRANCHES AND SUBSIDIARIES
    Commercial Code, sections 237–296 and Civil Code, sections 1,529–1,601.
    Useful, brief discussion of legislative and regulatory environment concerning agency and dealerships in International agency and distribution agreements.¤
    See also Decision 220 of the Andean Community.

BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS
    Ley de empresa individual de responsibilidad limitada. Decreto ley 21,621 of 14 Sep 1976.
    Ley general de la pequeña y micro empresa. Ley 27,268 of 26 May 2000 in El Peruano 27 May 2000. Official Spanish text at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡ Derogating 1991 and 1998 legislation. Regulated by Decreto supremo 30/00ITINCI of 26 Sep 2000 in El Peruano 27 Sep 2000.
    Andean multinational enterprises (Decision 46) approved for Peru by Decreto ley 21,516 of 1976. Enterprises organized under Decision 169 are also permitted.

Ley 26,366 (creating a national system of public registry). Regulated by Resolución del Superintendente Nacional de los Registros Públicas 200-2001-SUNARP/SN of 18 Jul 2001 in El Peruano 27 Jul 2001.

See also ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING

                  BRANCHES AND SUBSIDIARIES
                  COMPANY LAW
                  CORPORATIONS

ECONOMIC LEGISLATION

ORGANIZATIONS
PARTNERSHIP

BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS—TAXATION
Impuesto al patrimonio empresarial. Decreto ley 19,654 of 14 Dec 1972 in El Peruano 15 Dec 1972. Regulations, Decreto 96-73-EF. Last amended by Ley 24,750 of 3 Dec 1987 (net worth tax on corporations and business enterprises) in El Peruano 4 Dec 1987. All described in detail in Taxation in Latin America.¤ Translated, as Decree law 19,654 updated to 1989 at http://checkpoint.riag.com/.‡

Ley 27,034 (recognizes de facto companies, joint ventures and informal business associations as tax payers for income tax purposes) in El Peruano 30 Dec 1998. In force 1 Jan 1999. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡

Decreto supremo 57-99-EF in El Peruano 16 Apr 1999. Texto ordenado of the Ley del regimen unico simplificado. This is a broad reform of taxation on income derived from investment in commercial activities and income from professional activities and independent contractors. Entirely reformed by Decreto legislativo 937 in El Peruano 14 Nov 2003.

Impuesto temporal a los activos netos (ITAN). Ley 28,424 in El Peruano 21 Dec 2004. This is a “provisional” tax on activities and income of third parties subject to income tax. Implemented and formulated by Resolución de Superintendencia 88-205/SUNAT in El Peruano 1 May 2005.

UHY Transfer pricing guide (2006) at http://www.uhy.com/. This provides in brief, but still useful, template format cites to sections of pertinent legislation and regulation and summaries of acceptable pricing methods and penalties, documentation required, advance agreements, etc.
See also INCOME TAXATION

CENSUS

CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONALITY (ALIENS)
    CONSTITUTION, arts. 89–94.
    Ley de extranjeria. Decreto legislativo 703 of 5 Nov 1991. Reprinted in 43 Revista jurídica del Peru 196 (1992). Regulated by Decreto supremo 119-2003-RE in El Peruano 14 Oct 2003.
    Ley 26,574 of 3 Jan 1996 (nationality) in El Peruano 11 Jan 1996. Repeals and replaces Ley 9,148 of 13 Jun 1940, as amended through 1955. Regulated by Decreto supremo 4-97-IN of 28 May 1997. Both in Spanish in full text, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡ The nationality law was amended by Ley 27,352 in El Peruano 17 Jan 2001. Further affected by Decreto Supremo 10-2002-IN (requiring renunciation of prior citizenship to obtain Peruvian citizenship) in El Peruano 15 Aug 2002.

Ley 26,174 of 22 Mar 1993 (facilitating naturalization of foreigners with capital to invest).

See also ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING

IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION

CIVIL
Civil Code.

Ley orgánica del Registro nacional de identificación y estado civil. Ley 26,497 of 1995 (civil status and the national identity document) in El Peruano 12 Jul 1995. Expanded and modernized by Resolución Jefatural 492-2007/JNAC/RENIEC of 5 Jun 2007.

Ley 26,366 of 14 Oct 1994 in El Peruano 16 Oct 1994. Creating a national system for public registries and the Superintendencia Nacional de los Registros Publicos (SUNARP). Regulated by Resolución 79-2005-SUNARP/SN of 21 Mar 2005 in El Peruano 30 Mar 2005.

Ley 29,032 in El Peruano 5 Jun 2007. Amends section 387 of the Civil Code and the law on the civil registry regarding liberalizing requirements for establishing recognition or declaration of paternity or maternity after the original registration.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
Code of Civil Procedure.
Ley 28,542 of 16 Jun 2005. Amends sections 35–46 of the Code of Civil Procedure (competence and jurisdiction of particular courts, including justices of the peace).

    Brief summary sketches of pre-trial procedures, including discovery and deposition and hearing practices in Peru, found in Pre-trial and pre-hearing procedures worldwide.¤
    See also ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
                  EVIDENCE

CIVIL RIGHTS
Ley 27,351 of 3 Oct 2000 (abolishing the Servicio de Inteligencia Nacional) in El Peruano 11 Oct 2000.
See also CONSTITUTION AND POLITICAL LEGISLATION

DISCRIMINATION

COMMERCIAL
Commercial Code.
Ley del registro comercial. Decreto ley 19,893 of 22 Jan 1973. Regulated by Decreto supremo 95-85-ICTI/CO of 19 Jul 1985.

Ley 26,366 of 1968 (creating Sistema Nacional de los Registros Públicos y a la Superintendencia Nacional de los Registros Públicos). Revised regulations, Resolución 195-2001-SUNARP/SN of 18 Jun 2001 in El Peruano 23 Jul 2001. Regulated in part for commercial entities by Reglamento del registro sociedades 200-2001-SUNARP/SN of 18 Jul 2001 in El Peruano 27 Jul 2001 and by Resolución del Superintendente Nacional de los Registros Publicos 195-2001-SUNARP/SN of 18 Jul 2001 in El Peruano 27 Jul 2001.

Registration of juridical persons that are not corporate or companies entities. Regulated by Resolución 86-2009-SUNARP/SN of 30 Mar 2009 in El Peruano 1 Apr 2009.

Factoring and related matters, regarded as under the authority of the Superintendente de Bancos y Seguros, regulated by Resolución SBS-1,021 of 1998 in El Peruano 3 Oct 1998 and Decreto legislativo 299 of 1989 and “Finance leasing.” This latter translated, as Legislative decree 299, at http://checkpoint.riag.com/.‡

Brief coverage of Peruvian commercial law offered, as of 2004, in Digest of commercial laws of the world.¤

United Nations sales convention± 1 Apr 2000.

See also E-COMMERCE

NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS

COMMERCIAL AGENTS
See BRANCHES AND SUBSIDIARIES

COMMUNICATIONS (INCLUDING TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND SATELLITE TRANSMISSIONS)
Decreto legislativo 702 of 5 Nov 1991 (creating Organismo Supervisor de Inversión Privada en Telecommunicaciones). Amended by Decreto legislativo 766 of 15 Nov 1991. Regulated by Decreto supremo 8-2001-PCM in El Peruano 2 Feb 2001. Decreto ley 26,095 of 29 Dec 1992 calls for privatization of telecommunications.
Decreto supremo 13-93-TCC of 28 Apr 1993 (ley general de telecommunicaciones). Regulated in part by Reglamento in part by Reglamento general de infracciones y sanciones en la prestación de servicios públicos de telecommunicaciones. Reglamento 1-96-CD/OSIPTEL in El Peruano 24 Jan 1996. Further regulated by Reglamento 2-99-CD/OSIPTEL of 11 Feb 1999 in El Peruano 14 Feb 1999 and Decreto supremo 5 of 24 Mar 1998 in El Peruano 26 Mar 1998. Due to the structure of the Peruvian regulatory system there will be a constantly expanding range of decrees affecting communications privatization, e.g., Resolución 61-2001-CD/OSIPTEL of 14 Nov 2001 (long distance structures). Consolidated text of the regulations supremo 020-2007-MTC in El Peruano 4 Jul 2007. Texto unico ordinado. Reglamento general de la Ley de telecommunacciones. This includes the amendments through Mar 2007. All in full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡

Ley 29,022 (expansion and development of telecommunications at the national level with state assistance) to be in effect for four years after publication of regulations. Regulated by Decreto supremo 39-2007-MTC in El Peruano 13 Nov 2007.

Ley 28,774 (transmission terminals for cellular telephone use). Regulated by Decreto supremo 23-2007-MTC in El Peruano 8 Jul 2007.

Ley de radio y television. Ley 28,278 of Jul 2004 in El Peruano 16 Jul 2004.

Ley de acceso a la infraestructura de los proveedores importantes de servicios. Decreto legislativo 1,019 of 2008 (liberalizes and simplifies access by major enterprises) in El Peruano 10 Jun 2008.
A useful, brief outline of Peruvian telecommunications law and its regulatory environment provided in Telecommunications laws in Latin America.¤

COMPANY LAW
Ley general de sociedades. Ley 26,887 of 1997 (company law, also affecting joint stock companies and partnerships) in El Peruano 9 Dec 1997. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡ Abrogates and replaces Ley 16,123 of 1966, “Ley de sociedades mercantiles,” which had been consolidated and renamed “Ley general de sociedades” by Decreto legislativo 311 of 1984. The 1997 law translated in consolidated text, as amended through Ley 27,388 of 30 Dec 2000, at http://checkpoint.riag.com/.‡
Inter-American companies convention± 15 May 1980.

CONFLICT OF LAWS AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
    Civil Code, Book 10, sections 2,046–2,056 and 2,068–2,101. Translated in 24 International legal materials¤ 997. Spanish text and German translation, along with a detailed scholarly analysis, in Das internationale Privatrech von Peru. Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2006.
    Peru has adopted the Código Bustamente± 19 Aug 1929 and has ratified the Montevideo private international law treaty± 1889 and has signed, but not ratified, the Montevideo private international law treaty± 1940.
    Inter-American bills of exchange convention± 25 Aug 1977; Inter-American check convention± 25 Aug 1977; Inter-American checks convention± (2nd) 15 May 1980; Inter-American companies convention± 15 May 1980; Inter-American domicile convention± 15 May 1980; Inter-American evidence convention± 25 Aug 1977; Inter-American international return of children convention± 8 Jun 2004; Inter-American judgments convention± 15 May 1980; Inter-American letters rogatory convention± 25 Aug 1977; Inter-American letters rogatory protocol± 15 May 1980; Inter-American powers of attorney convention± 25 Aug 1977; Inter-American preventive measures convention± 15 May 1980; Inter-American private international law convention± 15 May 1980; Inter-American proof of law convention± 15 May 1980.
    See also other relevant private law topics that may be affected by international
                       conventions, e.g., AIR AND SPACE LAW.

CONSTITUTION AND POLITICAL LEGISLATION
Constitution approved by referendum of 31 Oct 1993 in El Peruano 20 Dec 1993. In force 31 Dec 1993. English translation, as of 2 Nov 2002, at http://www.cejamericas.org/ (click on Biblioteca, then Legislación, then Código y Leyes). Constitutional guarantees reinforced by Ley 26,470 in El Peruano 12 Jun 1995.

    Decreto supremo 38-93-JUS of 7 Oct 1993 (regulations of the National Council on Human Rights) in El Peruano 8 Oct 1993.
    Ley orgánica de elecciones. Ley 26,859 in El Peruano 1 Oct 1997. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡ Amended by Ley 27,369 of 14 Nov 2000 in El Peruano 18 Nov 2000. Election procedures controlled by the Jurado Nacional de Elecciones in Resolución 16-2006-P/JNE in El Peruano 23 Feb 2006 (Texto único de procedimientos administravos). Replaces the Resolución of 8 Mar 2004.
    Ley de elecciones municipales. Ley 26,864 in El Peruano 14 Oct 1997. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡

    Ley de elecciones regionales. Ley 27,683 of 14 Mar 2002 in El Peruano 15 Mar 2002.
    Código procesal constitucional. Ley 28,237 of 28 May 2004 in El Peruano 31 May 2004. In force 1 Dec 2004. This makes provision for a range of constitutional procedures, mainly connected with civil rights and liberties, especially amparo and hábeas corpus. Derogates and replaces Ley 23,506 of 1982 (habeas corpus and its various amendments), Ley 24,968 of 2001 (Acción popular) and Ley 26,301 of 1996 (habeas data).
    Ley 27,365 of 4 Nov 2000 (constitutional reform and fixing in the future the date of the special presidential election of Apr 2001 and terminating the Fujimori tenure at 28 Jul 2001) in El Peruano 5 Nov 2000.
    Regulation of the Congress of the Republic of 6 Mar 1998. Sole revised text of the rules, regulations and proceedings of the Congress. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡

Article 200 of the 1993 Peruvian constitution call for a series of legal instruments, suggested as Leyes orgánicas designed to protect the constitution and the rights of citizens. In Nov 2003 a group of scholars released a draft of a Código procesal constitucional del Peru. Full text reproduced in 1 Revista iberoamericana de derecho procesal constitucional 251 (2004).

    Ley del sistema nacional de seguridad ciudadana. Ley 27,933 of 11 Feb 2003 (guarantees all citizens free exercise of their rights and liberties, including all natural and juridical persons).
    Law 28,397 of 2006 (amnesty for the illegal possession of weapons, explosives, etc., in civil strife and regularization of such possessions). Regulated by Decreto supremo 002-2005-IN in El Peruano 2 Jul 2005. The amnesty law followed by Ley 28,684 of 17 Feb 2006 (guaranteeing amnesty to those seeking it within 180 days of 20 Feb 2006.
    Decreto supremo 65-2001-PCCM of 2 Jun 2001 (creating the Comisión de la Verdad) in El Peruano 4 Jun 2001.
    Ley de canon. Ley 27,506 of 9 Jul 2001. A law designed to allocate to the states a regions their proper share in revenues obtained from exploitation of natural resources: mining canon, hydrocarbons canon, fishing canon and forests canon in El Peruano 10 Jul 2001. Regulated by Decreto supremo 5-2002-EFS in El Peruano 2002.
    Ley 27,680 of 7 Mar 2002 in El Peruano 7 Mar 2002. Amends and revises arts. 188–199 of Chapter 14 of the Constitution and calls for an orderly program to decentralize regional governments to operate within the Consejo Nacional, Presidencia and Consejo de Coordinación Regional. Local governments will have a Consejo Municipal and an Alcaldía.

Ley orgánica de bases de la descentralización. Ley 27,783 of 2002 in El Peruano 20 Jul 2002. Framework law on reorganization of national, regional and local governments, outlining a five-step process for decentralization.

Ley 27,867 of 16 Nov 2002. Organic law on regional governments, their mission, development, legal nature, cooperation, process of integration, etc., in El Peruano 18 Nov 2002. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡
Ley 27,972 of 26 May 2003 (organic law on municipalities and organization of local government, administration and related procedures, etc.) in El Peruano 27 May 2003. Repeals Ley 23,853 of 28 May 1984.

Resolución legislativa 16-2001 of 4 Apr 2002. Declaring the formation of a cause of action against former President Alberto Fujimori, eighteen former members of congress and one current member. Implemented by Resoluciones legislativos 6CR and 7CR of 23 Apr 2003 declaring the cause of action. This matter has become the subject of more than a dozen decrees and resolutions to attainder President Fujimori and several of his colleagues. New resolutions and decrees are issued every month. Resolución legislativa 15-2002 CR (formulating causes of action against Alberto Fujimori Fujimori and other persons) in El Peruano 2 Jun 2003.
Ley 27,811 of 2002 (recognizing the rights of indigenous groups and communities to make their own determinations regarding national matters and decisions) in El Peruano 10 Aug 2002.

Ley del Defensoria del Pueblo. Ley 26,520 of 1994 (ombudsman). Resolución defensorial 29-2008-DP of 29 Oct 2008 (regulations on the law governing the Defensoria del pueblo, i.e., ombudsman) in El Peruano 30 Oct 2008.
Ley 28,094 of 31 Oct 2003 (political parties, movements, financing, etc.) in El Peruano 1 Nov 2003. Regulated in part by Resolución 15-2004-JNE of 29 Jan 2004 containing Reglamento del Registro de organizaciones políticas in El Peruano 9 Feb 2004.

Ley de organización y funciones del Ministerio de Relaciones Exterioriores. Ley 28,357 of 12 May 2009. Current consolidated text on the Foreign Relations Ministry website at http://www.rree.gob.pe/. Derogates Decreto ley 26,112, but the 2009 law continues to be regulated by Reglamento de organizaciones y funciones del Ministerio de Relaciones Exterioriores, Resolución ministerial of 29 Aug 1996. Current consolidated text on the Foreign Relations Ministry website at http://www.rree.gob.pe/.

Publication of Constitutions of dependencies and special sovereignties¤ and Constitutions of the countries of the world¤ has shifted to the Oxford University Press website for subscribers only at http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/.

Inter-American convention on human rights;± United Nations torture convention.±

See also ANDEAN COMMUNITY

DISCRIMINATION

NATIONAL SECURITY AND STATE INTELLIGENCE

SECURITY SERVICES

CONSULAR SERVICE

See DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITY

CONSUMER PROTECTION
Decreto supremo 6-2009/PCM of 2009 in El Peruano 30 Jan 2009. This is the unified text of the Ley del sistema de protectión al consumidor. In force 2 Mar 2009. Also consolidates the various norms already in force regarding consumer protection, e.g., Leyes 27,251, 27,049 and 27,598 and Decreto legislativo 1,045 and 807. Abrogates Decreto supremo 36-83/JUS and Ley 23,863. Consolidated Spanish text of 11 Dec 2000 at http://natlaw.com/interam/.‡ The law governing unfair competition, Decreto legislativo 1,044 of 2008, abrogates Ley 26,122 of 1992 also abrogates Decreto legislativo which introduces norms on advertising.

Ley sobre facultades, normas y organización del INDECOPI. Decreto legislativo 807 of 16 Apr 1996 in El Peruano 18 Apr 1996. Reforming Decreto ley 25,868 of 24 Nov 1992. Regulated and implemented by Lineamientos sobre proteccion al consumidor. Resolución 1-2001-LIN-CPC-INDECOPI of 7 Jun 2001 in El Peruano 9 Jul 2001.

Resolución de Consejo directivo 104-2003-CD/OSIPTEL of 7 Nov 2003 (permitting the formation of and governing the activities of groups of consumers) in El Peruano 11 Nov 2003.
Decreto supremo 40-86-EF of 1 Jan 1987 (price controls) briefly described in Investing, licensing and trading conditions abroad.¤

Ley of 4 Jun 2008 (rights of consumers to retract purchase agreements). (Not yet signed or gazetted.)

Ley de Creación de la Superintendencia de Transporte Terrestre de Personas, Carga y Mercancias. Ley 29,380 of 2009 (agency in charge of consumer protection in the transport sector) in El Peruano 16 Jun 2009.

CONTRACTS
Civil Code, sections 1,351–1,988 and Commercial Code, sections 1–15, 182–296, 315–429 and 557–585.

COPYRIGHT
    Ley sobre el derecho de autor. Decreto legislativo 822 of 23 Apr 1996 in El Peruano 24 Apr 1996. Essentially abrogates Ley 13,714 and Decreto supremo 61-62-ED and replaces the relevant sections of the Civil Code. English translation at http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/.‡ Spanish text reprinted in Doing business in Peru.* Regulated by Resolución Jefatural 276-2003/ODA-INDECOPI of 31 Dec 2003 in El Peruano 31 Dec 2003.
    The superseded Peruvian copyright regime (in force 30 Apr 1983) briefly outlined in Copyright protection in the Americas,¤ but no longer to be used.
    Decreto ley 25,868 of 6 Nov 1992 in El Peruano 24 Nov 1992. Creates the Instituto Nacional de la competencia y de la Protección de la Propiedad Intellectual. Substantially amended by Decreto legislativo 807 of 18 Apr 1996. Regulated by Decreto supremo 25-93-IT1NC1 in El Peruano 24 Nov 1992.

Ley de deposito legal en la Biblioteca Nacional del Peru (copyright deposit). Ley 26,905 in El Peruano 24 Apr 1996.

    Ley 28,131 of 18 Dec 2003 (intellectual property system regarding performing artists) in El Peruano 19 Dec 2003.
    The International guide to collective administration organizations¤ provides, in brief but usable format, information on collective rights organizations charged with or licensed to administer economic and moral rights in copyrighted or related works in Peru including organizations responsible for music, audiovisual materials, performer rights, etc. However, this source has no information after 1994.
    Protection accorded designs and other related copyrights briefly outlined following a template that provides a useful degree of digested information in Design and copyright protection of products: world law and practice.¤
    Peru maintains copyright relations with other nations in the Western Hemisphere through the Buenos Aires literary property convention,± 30 Apr 1920, the Montevideo private international law treaty,± 1889 and the Caracas copyright agreement.±
    Copyright double taxation convention± 15 Apr 1988; Phonogram convention, Geneva± 24 Aug 1985; Phonogram convention, Rome± 7 May 1985; Universal copyright convention± (revised Paris, 1971), 22 Jul 1985; WIPO convention± 4 Sep 1980; WIPO copyright treaty± 6 Jul 2001.
    Bilateral copyright agreements: Germany, Spain.

CORPORATIONS
Ley general de sociedades. Ley 26,887 in El Peruano 9 Dec 1997. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡ Spanish text reprinted in Doing business in Peru.* Abrogates and replaces the revised Ley general de sociedades. Translated, as amended in 2000, at http://checkpoint.riag.com/.‡ Abrogates and replaces the revised Ley general de sociedades, Decreto legislativo 311 of 12 Nov 1984.
Ley 26,985 of 28 Oct 1998 (protection of minority shareholders in public companies) in El Peruano 29 Oct 1998. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡

Código de buen gobiernos corporativo, Central de Estudios de Mercado de Capital y Financeiro of Nov 2001. The website of the European Corporate Governance Institute at http://www.ecgi.de (click on Codes and Principles and then on Index of Codes) provides access to unofficial codes of practice of corporate governance and proposed codes for Peru. Note: This is essentially a scholarly linkage to a variety of semi-official websites, some of which are difficult to navigate.

Comisión Nacional Supervisoria de Empresas y Valores (CONASEV) resolución 111-2003-EF/94.10 of 31 Dec 2003 (norms governing access to information of meetings of directors of public joint stock companies).
Andean multinational enterprises governed by Decision 46 of the Andean Community Commission, approved in Peru by Decreto ley 21,516 of 1976 or by Decision 169 of the Andean Community Commission.

CRIMINAL
Criminal Code.
Código de ejecución penal. Decreto legislativo 654 (sentences and imprisonment). Regulated and implemented by Decreto supremo 23-2001-JUS of 20 Jul 2001 in El Peruano 21 Jul 2001. Also regulated by Decreto Supremo 15 of 2003 (penitential administration and curtailment of liberty) in El Peruano 11 Sep 2003.

Ley 26,479 (general amnesty) in El Peruano 15 Jan 1995.

Ley 27,942 of 26 Feb 2003 (prevention and punishment of sexual kidnapping, “white slavery,” etc.). Regulated by Decreto supremo 10-2003/MIMDES of 26 Nov 2003 in El Peruano 26 Nov 2003.

Ley 28,397 (amnesty for persons in illegal or unauthorized possession of arms, munitions, grenades or explosives and who follow requisite procedures) in El Peruano 26 Nov 2004.

Decreto supremo 85-2007-PCM (creating the Oficina Nacional Anticorrupción) in El Peruano 19 Oct 2007.

Ley 27,765 of 2002 (criminalizes and regulates money laundering activities). Decreto ley 25,475 of 1992 (defines terrorism). Ley 27,693 of 2002, as modified by 2004 laws creates a Financial Intelligence Unit and empowers its activities. Analyzed in Spanish and explained in detail at http://www.gafisud.org/.‡

Summary of laws and practice on age of majority and consent. Spanish text of pertinent sections of the penal code dealing with rape, sexual abuse of children, etc., on the sexual offences website of Interpol at http://www.interpol.int (click on “Shortcuts-Crimes against children,” “Sexual abuse,” “National legislations” and then the jurisdiction).

Inter-American corruption convention;± Inter-American forced disappearance convention;± Inter-American torture convention;± International Criminal Court (Rome Statute)± 10 Nov 2001; United Nations convention against corruption± 16 Nov 2004; United Nations convention against transnational organized crime± 23 Jan 2002.
See also MONEY LAUNDERING

POLICE

TERRORISM

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
Code of Criminal Procedure.

Ley 29,305 of 21 Dec 2008 (transfer abroad and serving of sentences of foreigners) in El Peruano 22 Dec 2008.

Extradition treaty with U.S. approved by Resolución legislativa 27,827 of 19 Sep 2002.

See also EVIDENCE

CULTURAL PROPERTY

Ley general del patrimonio cultural de la nación. Ley 28,296 of 21 Jul 2004 (covers both moveable and immoveable property and objects, trade, export, etc.). Translated at http://www.ifar.org/icpoel.php.‡ Regulated by Decreto supremo 11-2006-JUS of 1 Jun 2006 (annex). Official Spanish text available at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡ Repeals Leyes 24,047 and 27,173. Decreto supremo 11-2006-ED (implementing regulations for Ley 28,296) in El Peruano 1 Jun 2006. Spanish text at http://www.ifar.org/icpoel.php.‡

Ley 12,956 of 21 Feb 1958 (prohibiting export of objects of archeological or historical value). Translated at http://www.ifar.org/icpoel.php.‡

UNESCO convention on the protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expression;± UNESCO convention for the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict± 21 Oct 1989; UNESCO cultural property convention± 24 Oct 1989; UNESCO intangible cultural heritage convention± 2005; UNESCO world cultural and national heritage convention± 1982; UNIDROIT convention on stolen or illegally exported cultural objects± 1 Sep 1998; UNIDROIT cultural objects convention± 1998.

See also PROPERTY

CULTURE, ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS
Ley 28,216 of 2004 (protecting access to Peruvian cultural biological diversity and collective knowledge of indigenous peoples) in El Peruano 1 May 2004.

UNESCO anti-doping convention± 2006; UNESCO convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage± 23 Sep 2005.

CURRENCY CONTROL AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE REGULATION
    Resolución cambiara 11-86-EF-90 (foreign exchange regulations) in El Peruano 29 Jul 1986. Reprinted in 2 Inter-American legal materials¤ 519 (1986) and revised in Ley de bancos. Decreto supremo 159-87-EF in El Peruano 30 Jul 1987 (foreign exchange rules), also Reglamentos 20-87-EF and 21-87-ER of 30 Jul 1987. Described in Taxation in Latin America.¤ Further modified by Decreto supremo 33-88-EF/90 of 7 Sep 1988.
    Central Bank circular 21-2006-BCRP (bureau of exchange and conversion of checks). Regulations in El Peruano 17 Aug 2006. Replaces the regulations of 18 Jul 2000.
    Decreto supremo 94-88-EF of 26 Jun 1988 (rules on bringing foreign currency into Peru).
    An outline of exchange arrangements and a useful, if brief, discussion of government policies affecting currency controls and capital transfers, etc., for Peru found in Exchange arrangements and exchange restrictions.¤

CUSTOMS AND TARIFFS
El Arancel del aduanas. Decreto supremo 19-97-EF of 25 Sep 1997. Consolidates 1988–1993 legislation. Amended by Decreto supremo 24-98-EF in El Peruano 3 Mar 1998. The published, Arancel de aduanas del Peru. Lima, 1979, is no longer relevant.

Ley general de aduanas. Decreto legislativo 1,053 of 2008 in El Peruano 27 Jun 2008. Regulations to the 1996 Geneva customs law continue in force until replaced, Decreto supremo 11-2005-EF in El Peruano 26 Jan 2005. Replaces the 2003 and 2004 regulations that had replaced the 1996 regulations. Modified by Ley de simplificación aduana, Ley 29,176 in El Peruano 3 Jan 2008. This law aims to simplify and speed up customs procedures. Amends more than ten sections of the customs code. These procedures regulated by Decreto supremo 47-2008-EFin El Peruano 1 Apr 2008.

Ley 28,977 of 20 Jan 2007 (improvement and simplification of foreign commerce) in El Peruano 6 Feb 2007. Modifies certain sections of the Ley general de aduanas (above). Regulated by Decreto supremo 11-2005-EF in El Peruano 8 Feb 2008.
Resolución 423-2005-SUNATA (simplified importation process) in El Peruano 6 Oct 2005. Replaces Despacho simplificado de importación INTA-PE.01.01 version 2 with version 3.

Ley 28,008 of 18 Jun 2003 (criminal activity concerning customs, i.e., smuggling, fraud, illegal trafficking, etc.) in El Peruano 19 Jun 2003. Replaces and derogates Ley 26,461 of 8 Jun 1995. Regulated by Decreto supremo 121-2003-EF in El Peruano 27 Aug 2003.

    Peru, as a member of the Andean Community recognizes the Andean system of declaration of value of imported items. Resolución de Intendencia Nacional 000-ADT/2001-002472 in El Peruano 10 Nov 2001.
    Peru is a member of ALADI, and as such applies preferential tariff rates to the goods of other member nations. Peru is a member of the Andean Community; it has implemented a common minimum external tariff with Colombia and Venezuela since 1983.
    A new regional tariff preference is in effect as of 1 Apr 1987. A regional agreement for trade recovery and expansion will be phased in as of 1 Jan 1989. See also Resolución 45 (1985). NALADI: Nomenclatura arancelaria de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración. [Montevideo] ALADI [1985].
    Peru is a member of the World Trade Organization.±

CYBERCRIME

See INFORMATION, DATA PROTECTION AND CYBERCRIME

DATA PROTECTION
See INFORMATION, DATA PROTECTION AND CYBERCRIME

DEBT CONVERSION
Decreto legislativo 5 of 1992 (external debt). Implemented by Decreto supremo 8-93-EF. Abrogated by Ley 24,977 of 4 Dec 2009.
Ley 26,705 (external indebtedness of the public sector for 1997) in El Peruano 10 Dec 1996. Ley 26,892 (for 1998) in El Peruano 11 Dec 1997. Ley 27,012 (for 1999) in El Peruano 16 Dec 1998, etc. These laws are enacted annually.

DEFENSE MATTERS

See MILITARY AND DEFENSE MATTERS

DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITY

Ley del servicio diplomatico de la República. Ley 28,091 of 19 Oct 2003. Regulated by Decreto supremo 130-2003-RE of 11 Dec 2003. Current consolidated text of both on the Foreign Relations Ministry website at http://www.rree.gob.pe/.

Reglamento de la función consular. Decreto supremo 2-79-RE of 17 Jan 1979. Current consolidated text on the Foreign Relations Ministry website at http://www.rree.gob.pe/ (this site will eventually provide relevant texts on diplomatic privileges and immunities).

Vienna convention on consular relations± 17 Feb 1978.

DISASTERS

See NATURAL DISASTERS

DISCRIMINATION
Ley 27,270 of 26 May 2000. Amending Chapter 4 of the Criminal Code on acts of discrimination.
Ley 27,050 of 31 Dec 1998 (handicapped persons) in El Peruano 6 Jan 1999. Implemented by Decreto supremo 3 of 5 Apr 2000. Further affected by Ley 29,392 of 1 Aug 2009 (administrative sanctions for violations of Ley 27,050, e.g., degrees: simple, serious and very serious).

Ley 27,942 of 26 Feb 2003 (prevention and sanctioning of sexual harassment in the labor, educational, military and other environments) in El Peruano 27 Feb 2003. Spanish text at http://www.glin.gov/.‡ Regulated by Decreto supremo 10-2003-MIMDES of 25 Nov 2003 in El Peruano 26 Nov 2003.

Inter-American disability discrimination convention± 2001; United Nations convention on the rights of persons with disabilities±30 Jan (2008.

DOMESTIC RELATIONS
See FAMILY

DUTIES
See CUSTOMS AND TARIFFS

E-COMMERCE

Ley 27,269 of 28 May 2000 (digital signatures and certificates) in El Peruano 28 May 2000. Amended by Ley 27,310 in El Peruano 17 Jul 2000. Spanish text of both the law and the regulation (below) at http://natlaw.com/interam/.‡ Note: This law also covers signatures and certificates issued by foreign entities. Regulated by Decreto supremo 52-2008-PCM in El Peruano 19 Jul 2008. Replaces and consolidates the earlier regulations of 17 May 2002, 5 Nov 2003 and 14 Jan 2007.

Regulated in part by Resolución CONASEV (Comision Nacional Supervisoria de Empresas y Valores) 008-2003-EF/194.10. Reglamento del sistema MVNET (electronic transfer of securities, etc.). In force 1 Jun 2003.

Ley 28,493 of 2005 (regulating the use of unsolicited electronic commercial mail, i.e., spam, including assessment of responsibility) in El Peruano 12 Apr 2005.

ECONOMIC LEGISLATION (INCLUDING PRIVATIZATION)
Ley 28,298 of 2004 (framework law on economic development of the rural sector).
Ley 27,332 of 2000 (framework law on regulatory agencies governing private investment in public services) in El Peruano 30 Jul 2000. Regulated by Decreto supremo 10-2001-PCM (foreign investment in the infrastructure of public services). Modified by general regulations in Resolución 36-2004-CD/OSITRAN in El Peruano 3 Sep 2004.

    Ley marco de asociones público privados. Decreto legislativo 1,012 of 2008 in El Peruano 13 May 2008. In force 14 May 2008 This is a framework law on public participation in companies originally in the private sector, designed to expand employment and promote private investment. New regulations are being developed. Derogates Decreto supremo 15-2004-PCM (regulations for the framework law on decentralization of investment), but not Ley 28,059 of 2003 (framework law on promotion of decentralized investment).
    Ley 28,015 of 2 Jul 2003 (promotion and development of small and medium-sized enterprises) in El Peruano 31 Jul 2003. Decreto legislativo 1,086 of 28 Jun 2008 exercises further regulatory authority of the executive under Ley 29,157 to implement the law of 2003 for a six-month period and also reforms parts of the basic law. Current consolidated text in El Peruano edición extraordinario 30 Sep 2008.
    Ley 28,305 of 31 Jul 2004 (promotion of economic development, productivity and increasing competition among small and medium-sized enterprises, including technological innovation) in El Peruano 27 Jul 2004. Regulated in part by Decreto supremo 73-2007-EF in El Peruano 19 Jul 2007, RS 07-2008TR, Texto unico ordenado de la Ley de promoción de la competitividad, formalización y desarollo de la micro y pequeña empresa y acceso al empleo decente.
    Ley que crea el impuesto a las acciones del estado. Ley 27,357 in El Peruano 27 Oct 2000. This represents an effort to impose a tax on the gross amounts of state investment in the activities of partially state-owned economic entities. Regulated by Decreto supremo 92-2001-EF of 16 May 2001.
    Ley antimonopolio y antioligopolio del sector elétrico. Ley 26,876 in El Peruano 19 Nov 1997. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡

[New] Ley de contrataciones y adquisiciones del estado. Decreto legislativo 1,017 of 2008 in El Peruano 4 Jun 2008. This is a comprehensive law on goods and services applying to all government entities in regard to (public procurement and government contracts). Derogates Ley 26,850 of 3 Aug 1997 and its amendments. Regulations, Decreto supremo 184-2008-EF in El Peruano 1 Jan 2009. These regulations replace Decreto Supremo 13-2001-PCM of 13 Feb 2001 and its several amendments and Decreto supremo 6-2009-EF. The application of foreign persons, natural or juridical, who wish to participate in, or offer goods and services under the public procurement law should follow special procedures set forth in Resolución Ministerial 134 of 2007 in El Peruano 22 Mar 2007 having special procedures in Directive 5 of 2007 and a formulario of the same date.

    Ley del Sistema Nacional de Inversion Publica in El Peruano 29 Jun 2000.
    Ley general de expropiaciones. Ley 27,117 of 20 May 1999.
    Ley 28,549 of 2005 (bidding and competitive tenders creating an international evaluation of tenders) in El Peruano 18 Jun 2005. Derogates the selection procedures implemented by Decreto ley 25,565 of 21 Jun 1992.
    Ley 28,183 of 2004. Framework law on the promotion and development of industrial parks (in the purview of regional, local or provincial governments).
    Ley de decentralización fiscal. Decreto legislativo 955 of 2004 in El Peruano 5 Feb 2004. This is a national economic/budget law extending a degree of fiscal independence to regions and regional and local governments. Regulated by Decreto supremo 114-2005-EF in El Peruano 9 Sep 2005.
    Normas de promoción del sector agrario. Ley 27,360 of 2000 in El Peruano 31 Oct 2000. This includes special tax arrangements for natural or juridical persons involved in developing agricultural production (not forestry). Enlarged by Ley 27,460 in El Peruano 26 May 2001. Regulated by Decreto supremo 49-2002-AG in El Peruano 11 Oct 2002.

Ley 29,284 of 3 Oct 2008 (restructuring of agricultural debt) in El Peruano 4 Oct 2008.

EDUCATION
Ley general de educación. Ley 28,044 of 28 Jul 2003 (primary and secondary education, as well as alternative and basic education) in El Peruano 29 Jul 2003. Derogates and replaces Ley 23,384 of 1982. Implemented in part by Resolución ministerial 853-2003-ED in El Peruano 12 Aug 2003.

Ley 28,988 of 21 Nov 2007 (basic regular education) in El Peruano 21 Mar 2007. Replaces or expands on Ley 28,044 (above). Regulated by Decreto supremo 17-2007-ED in El Peruano 3 Jul 2007.
Ley 23,733 of 9 Dec 1983 (universitaria/universities) in El Peruano 17 Dec 1983.

Ley de democratization del libro y fomento de la lectura. Ley 28,086 of 10 Oct 2003 in El Peruano 11 Oct 2003. Encouragement of book publishing and promotion of reading, creation and protection of scientific and literary development, including norms against piracy. Implemented 19 May 2004 and regulated by Decreto supremo 10 of 2004 in El Peruano 3 Jun 2004.

Ley 28,740 of 19 May 2006 (national system for evaluation, accreditation and certification of educational quality, following on Ley 28,044) in El Peruano 23 May 2006.

ENERGY

See NATURAL RESOURCES

ENTERTAINMENT

See CULTURE, ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

    Ley 28,611 of 23 Jun 2005 (framework law on the environment) in El Peruano 15 Oct 2005. Reenacted over Presidential veto of 13 Oct 2005 and incorporating some presidential concerns. Replaces the Environment and natural resources code of 1990. Revises and consolidates a range of environment related laws. Declares the National Environment Council (Consejo Nacional del Medio Ambiente/CONAM). Fixes general norms relative to the National environment policy and is generally viewed as anti-business and anti-investment.
    Ley marco del sistema nacional de gestion ambiental. Ley 2,845 of 4 Jun 2004 (framework law on environmental administration) in El Peruano 8 Jun 2004. Official Spanish text at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡ Implemented by Decreto supremo 11-06/ED of 31 May 2006.
    Código del medio ambíente y los recursos naturales. Decreto legislativo 613 of 7 Sep 1990 in El Peruano 8 Sep 1990. Translated in South America: basic oil laws¤ supplement 116. Spanish text reprinted in 40 Food and agricultural legislation¤ 300 (1991). Amended by Decreto legislativo 757 in El Peruano 13 Nov 1991.

Ley del Consejo Nacional del Ambíente. Ley 26,410 of 16 Dec 1994 in El Peruano 22 Dec 1994. Official Spanish text of the law and the amendment at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡

    Decree 1-97-CD-CONAM of 7 Oct 1997 (norms for environmental management) in El Peruano 13 Nov 1997. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡
    Ley orgánica de la Región de Amazonas. Ley 24,704 of 3 Mar 1988 in El Peruano 4 Mar 1988.
    Ley 26,410 of 16 Dec 1994 (National Council for the Environment) in El Peruano 22 Dec 1998. Spanish text reprinted in Doing business in Peru.* Regulated by Ley 27,793 in El Peruano 22 May 1997. Official Spanish text at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡
    Ley 26,786 of 1997 (environmental impact evaluation) in El Peruano 13 May 1997. Further enlarged by Ley del sistema nacional de evaluación del impacto ambiental, Ley 27,446 of 12 Apr 2001, in El Peruano 23 Apr 2001. Full Spanish text at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡
    Ley 26,821 (organic law on utilization of sustainable natural resources) in El Peruano 26 Jun 1997. Regulated by Decreto supremo 68-2001-PCM of 20 Jun 2001 in El Peruano 21 Jun 2001. Full Spanish text of both at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡ Further regulated by Decreto supremo 74-2001-PCM of 22 Jun 2001 (national standards for environmental air quality) in El Peruano 24 Jun 2001.

Ley 26,839 of 8 Jul 1997 (norms for conservation and protection of biological diversity) in El Peruano 17 Jul 1997. Regulated by Decreto supremo 38-98-PCM of 19 Aug 1998. Official Spanish text of the law and the regulation at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡

Reglamento naciónal de vehiculos. Decreto supremo 34-2001-MTC (Chapter V Emission of contaminants) in El Peruano 25 Jul 2001. Regulated in part by Decreto supremo 47-2001-MTC (limits of contaminants) in El Peruano 31 Oct 2001 and Decreto supremo 7-2002-MTC (procedures for authorizing control equipment for emissions) in El Peruano 28 Feb 2002.

Ley 29,134 of 2007 (environmental effects and liabilities in hydrocarbons sector, with goal to reduce pollution, requiring enterprises to assume responsibility for such liability) in El Peruano 17 Nov 2007.

Ley de creación, organizacion y funciones del Ministerio del Ambiente. Decreto legislativo 1,013 of 2008 in El Peruano 14 May 2008.

Decreto supremo 2-09/MINAM of 16 Jan 2009 (transparence and access to public information on the environment). Consolidated text of Ley 27,806 in El Peruano 17 Jan 2009. Official Spanish text at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡

Ley 28,804 of 19 Jul 2006 (declarations of environmental disasters and emergencies) in El Peruano 21 Jul 2006. Official Spanish text at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡

Ley 27,446 of 20 Apr 2001 (framework law on the Sistema Nacional de Evolución del Impacto Ambiental) in El Peruano 23 Apr 2001. Official Spanish text at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡

Ley 26,856 of 5 Sep 1997 (declaring beach areas to be for public use and not alienable for other purposes) in El Peruano 8 Sep 1997. This also establishes a restricted (construction/use) zone of 50–200 meters. Official Spanish text at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡

    Ley 29,419 of 2009 (recycling and general treatment of recycled materials and solid wastes) in El Peruano 7 Oct 2009.
    Peruvian environmental policy and law very usefully discussed, as of 1998, in Comparative environmental law and regulation.¤
    Amazonia treaty± (in force 3 Aug 1980); Basel convention on hazardous wastes± 23 Nov 1993; Biological diversity convention;± Cartagena protocol on biosafety;± Convention on international trade in endangered species;± United Nations climate change convention± 21 Mar 1994 and the Kyoto protocol, 15 Sep 2002.

EQUAL PROTECTION

See CONSTITUTION AND POLITICAL LEGISLATION

DISCRIMINATION

EVIDENCE
Code of Civil Procedure, sections 355–506.
Inter-American evidence convention± 25 Aug 1977.

See also CIVIL PROCEDURE

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

EXECUTION AND ATTACHMENT
Code of Civil Procedure, sections 688–748 of the 1992 code.
Ley 26,979 of 21 Sep 1998 (forced execution) in El Peruano 23 Sep 1998. Replacing Ley 17,355.

FAMILY
Civil Code, sections 1–39 and 233–659. Section 319 modified to clarify reasons for divorce and support. Ley 27,495 in El Peruano 7 Jul 2001 (this last comprises important conditions to grounds for divorce).
Código de los niños y adolescentes. Ley 27,337 of 2 Aug 2000 in El Peruano 7 Aug 2000. Derogates and replaces Ley 26,102 of 1992 and its regulations and its last texto unico of 6 Apr 1999.

    Ley 28,803 of 21 Jul 2006 (rights and obligations of senior citizens, i.e., over age 60) in El Peruano 21 Jul 2006. Spanish text at http://natlaw.com/interam/.‡
    Decreto legislativo 346 of 6 Jul 1985 (national population policy). Modified by Ley 26,530 (abortion) in El Peruano 10 Sep 1995. Translated in 12 Annual review of population law.¤
    Texto unico ordenado de la Ley de protección frente a la violencia familiar. Ley 26,260 of 27 Jun 1997. Amended by Ley 27,306 of 15 Jul 2000.

Ley 27,495 of 7 Jul 2001 introduced major reforms to the Civil Code, sections 332–360 and to the Code of Civil Procedure, sections 480–485 and 573–580 (divorce and separation).

Ley 29,227 of 15 May 2008 (procedures governing non-contentious divorces and separations before municipal tribunals and notaries) in El Peruano 16 May 2008. Regulated by Decreto Supremo 9-2008-JUS in El Peruano 13 Jun 2008. Amends Civil Code, section 354 and Code of Civil Procedure, section 580.

    Hague child abduction convention± 1 Aug 2001; Hague protection of children and intercountry adoption convention;± Inter-American international return of children convention± 8 Jun 2004.
    See also ABORTION AND FAMILY PLANNING
                  ADOPTION

GUARDIAN AND WARD
MARRIAGE

FISHING AND MARINE RESOURCES
Ley general de pesca. Decreto ley 25,977 of 7 Dec 1992. Spanish text reprinted in Doing business in Peru.* Official Spanish text of the law and the amendment at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡ Replaces Ley general de pesquería, Ley 24, 790 of 4 Jan 1988. Regulated by Decreto supremo 12-2001-PE in El Peruano 13 Mar 2001. Replacing regulations of 1994–1997. Specific regulations have also been promulgated, e.g., Decreto supremo 14-2001-PE (tuna) in El Peruano 31 Mar 2001. Decreto supremo 13-2003-PRODUCE in El Peruano 20 May 2003.

Ley 27,460 of 25 May 2001 (promotion and development of aquiculture) in El Peruano 26 May 2001.Official Spanish text of the law and the regulation at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡

Ley 28,621 of 4 Nov 2005 (setting limits on Peru’s maritime zone in accord with Article 54 of the constitution and continuing the 200-mile lines or limits of 1954 and new baselines) in El Peruano 4 Nov 2005. Full text in English translation at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/.‡Abrogates any contrary lines or limits in Decreto 781 (below).
Decreto 781 of 1 Aug 1947 and Constitution of 1979, arts. 98–99 (declaration of 200-mile limit and exclusive economic zone). Translated in Law of the sea bulletin¤ no. 2 (1985).

Decreto supremo 47-2007-RE of 11 Aug 2007 (boundary limits of the southern maritime sector of Peru). Spanish text only at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/.‡

Declaration on the maritime zone, Santiago, 1952 and agreement, Lima, 1954 (declares 200-mile limit for Chile, Peru and Ecuador). Translated in New directions in the law of the sea¤ vol. 1.

FOREIGN EXCHANGE
See CURRENCY CONTROL AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE REGULATION

FOREIGN JUDGMENTS
See JUDGMENTS

FOREIGN TRADE
Ley del transporte multimodal internacional de mercancias. Decreto legislativo 714 of 7 Nov 1991.
Decreto legislativo 668 of 11 Sep 1991 in El Peruano 14 Sep 1991 greatly liberalizes international trade and the import/export regime.

Ley del Instituto de Comercio Exterior. Decreto legislativo 200 of 19 Sep 1986.

    Ley de facilitatión del comercio exterior. Ley 28,977 of 2007 in El Peruano 8 Feb 2007. Regulated by Decreto supremo 11-2005-EF in El Peruano 8 Feb 2008.
    Decreto legislativo 704 of 5 Nov 1991 (consolidates and reforms legislation on free zones) in El Peruano 13 Nov 1991.
    Customs union of Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela. Created by Decision 324 of the Cartagena Commission. In force 1 Oct 1992.

The United States’ Andean trade promotion and drug eradication act of 2002 eased or even erased tariffs for a great number of goods entering the United States from Member States of the Andean Community. The act also offered substantial fiscal incentives to these nations to eradicate or lessen the production of narcotic drugs and suggested realistic options or funded alternatives to coca cultivation. The act, which was a revision or extension of the Andean trade preferences act of 1991, expired on 31 Dec 2006; however, it was extended to 30 Jun 2007, applicable to those countries that would negotiate new bilateral trade agreements with the United States. Negotiations between the United States and Peru and Colombia are underway as of summer 2007, and offer assurances of satisfactory conclusion; however negotiations with Bolivia have not been fruitful to date.

FRANCHISING

See LICENSING AND FRANCHISING

FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
See INFORMATION, DATA PROTECTION AND CYBERCRIME

GAMBLING
Ley 27,153 of 8 Jul 1999 (regulating activities of casinos, games of chance and gambling machines) in El Peruano 9 Jul 1999. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡ Considerably amended by Ley 27,796 of 25 Jul 2002 in El Peruano 26 Jul 2002. Regulated by Resolución de Superintendencia 14-2003/SUNAT in El Peruano 17 Jan 2003 and Resolución de Superintendencia 209-2003/SUNAT in El Peruano 12 Nov 2003 and by Resolución directoral 96-2004/MINCETUR/VMT/DNT in El Peruano 18 Feb 2004.

GENDER DISCRIMINATION

See DISCRIMINATION

GENETIC ENGINEERING

Law 28,350 of 2004 (promotion and encouragement of genetic conservation of South American domestic agricultural livestock species, i.e., Alpacas and Llamas) in El Peruano 1 Oct 2004. Regulated by Decreto Supremo 22-2005-AG Ley 2,845 in El Peruano 5 May 2005.

Ley 27,282 of 12 May 2000 (general seed law) in El Peruano 12 May 2000. Also creates the Comisión de Semillas.

Ley de semillas. Ley 27,282 of 8 Jul 2001 (seeds, their import, production and protections). Regulated by Decreto supremo 26-2008-AG in El Peruano 11 Oct 2008.
Decreto supremo 8-96-ITINCI of 3 May 1996 (regulations for the protection of plant breeders’ rights). English translation at http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/.‡

Budapest microorganisms treaty± 20 Oct 2008.

See also SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

GUARDIAN AND WARD
Civil Code. Amended in part by Código de los niños y adolescentes, sections 108–118 (see FAMILY).

HANDICAPPED DISCRIMINATION

See DISCRIMINATION

HEALTH
Ley general de salud. Ley 26,842 of 1997 (health and the practice of medicine) in El Peruano 20 Jul 1997. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡ Repeals and replaces the Health code of 1970 and the 1992 law on pharmaceutical products. Regulated in part by Decreto supremo 21-2001-SA of 13 Jul 2001 (pharmaceutical establishments) in El Peruano 16 Jul 2001.

Ley 27,657 of 2002 (organization and functions of the Ministry of Health) in El Peruano 29 Jan 2002. Regulated in part by Decreto supremo 3-2002-SA (governing charges for health services) in El Peruano 25 May 2002. Full Spanish text at http://natlaw.com/interam/.‡

Ley de modernazación de la securidad social en salud. Ley 26,790 of 1997 in El Peruano 17 May 1997. Regulated by Decreto supremo 9-97-SA of 8 Sep 1997 in El Peruano 9 Sep 1997.

Ley marco de aseguramiento universal en salud. Ley 29,344 of 2009 (framework law on universal health insurance regulating public, private and mixed enterprises) in El Peruano 9 Apr 2009. This unifies various aspects of legislation and non-specifically derogates any law contrary.

Ley 29,414 of 2009 (rights of patients and users of health services) in El Peruano 2 Oct 2009. Also amends and reforms a number of sections of Ley 26,842 of 1997 (above).

Ley 29,346 of 8 Apr 2009 (framework law on universal health insurance, covering plans, participation and financing) in El Peruano 9 Apr 2008.

    Decreto supremo 23-2001-SA (regulating use, production, import, export of narcotics and psychotropic substances) in El Peruano 22 Jul 2001.
    Ley 27,657 of 2002 (creation and powers of the Ministry of Health) in El Peruano 29 Jan 2002.
    Ley 27,656 of 2002 (creation of the “Fondo intangibile solidario de salud”) in El Peruano 29 Jan 2002.

Ley 27,853 of 2002 (obstetricians and obstetric activity) in El Peruano 23 Oct 2002. Regulated by Decreto supremo 8-2003-SA in El Peruano 15 May 2003.

Ley 28,705 of 5 Apr 2006 (general guidelines on prevention and control of the danger of tobacco consumption) in El Peruano 6 Apr 2006. This is a comprehensive and extensive law covering use, sale, commercial aspects and publicity by natural and juridical persons. Derogates and replaces earlier laws. Regulated by Decreto supremo 15-2008-SA of 2008 in El Peruano 5 Jul 2008. This also requires health warnings and limiting use in specified areas.

Ley 29,517 of 1 Apr 2010 (prohibition of smoking in specified public areas, limiting advertising of cigarettes and strengthening requirements for health warning labels).

For a useful discussion of Peruvian medical law, including regulation of practitioners (including patient relationships), as of 2004, see the monograph by E. Varsi Rospigliosi in International encyclopaedia of laws: medical laws.¤

United Nations convention on the rights of persons with disabilities± 30 Jan 2008; World Health Organization convention on tobacco control± 30 Nov 2004.

See also DISCRIMINATION

GENETIC ENGINEERING

HIV/AIDS

ORGAN AND TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION AND TRAFFICKING

PHARMACEUTICALS AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

HIV/AIDS

Ley 26,626 of 15 Jun 1996 (national plan for the fight against AIDS/HIV and illnesses related to sexual transmission). Full text in Spanish on the ILOAIDS website at http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/trav/aids/laws/.‡

HOUSING (INCLUDING CONSTRUCTION)

Ley de regulación de habitaciones urbanas y de edificaciones. Ley 29,090 of 2007 (urban dwellings and structures, administrative procedures, licensing, etc.) in El Peruano 25 Sep 2007. Derogates and replaces the Ley general de habitaciones urbanas 26,878 of 1997. Regulations replacing Decreto supremo 10-2005-VIVIENDA, Decreto supremo 24 of 2008-VIVIENDA in El Peruano 27 Sep 2008.

Decreto ley 23,112 of 14 Mar 1978 establishing a system of ownership of horizontal property. Implemented by Decreto 19-78-VC of 27 Apr 1978.

Ley 27,157 of 19 Jul 1999 (regularization of procedures for clearing titles to real property, single structures or condominiums) in El Peruano 20 Jul 1999. Derogating Decreto ley 22,112 and Decreto supremo 19-78-VC. Decreto supremo 9-99-MTC, Texto unico ordenado of Decreto legislativo 803, Ley de promoción del acceso a la propiedad formal and Ley 27,046 of 1999 creating the Comision de la Formalizacion de la Propiedad Informal and Decreto supremo 5-2002-JUS of 3 Mar 2001 in El Peruano 13 Jun 2003. This is a program to encourage registration of property held and/or occupied “informally.”

See also PROPERTY

HUMAN RIGHTS
See CONSTITUTION AND POLITICAL LEGISLATION

HUSBAND AND WIFE
See FAMILY

Peru Introduction

Subject Headings (I-Z)