PERU

Subject Headings (A-H)

SUBJECT ARRANGEMENT (I–Z)

Note: The Teleley database is so responsive, easy to use and almost totally comprehensive that we recommend it, even though it is proprietary (very reasonably priced) for access to all current Peruvian legislation and regulation. We do not cite to it in every instance, but the Spanish texts are easily available at http://www.teleley.com or http://www.asesor.com.pe/teleley.

IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION
Decreto supremo of 26 Jun 1936 and Reglamentos of 15 May 1937.

Ley 27,840 of 12 Oct 2002 (asylum). Derogates parts of Decreto legislativo 703 of 5 Nov 1991 (aliens).

    Ley 27,891 of 20 Dec 2002 (refugees and their status) in El Peruano 22 Dec 2002. Regulated by Decreto supremo 119-2003-RE of 10 Oct 2003 in El Peruano 14 Oct 2003.
    Ley 28,072 of 2003 (requirements, etc., for immigrants who are investors/nationals of other countries intending to establish residence) in El Peruano 26 Sep 2003. Regulated by Decreto supremo 3 of 2005 in El Peruano 13 Jul 2005.
    Ley 28,182 of 2 Feb 2004 (incentives for immigration, particularly professional and entrepreneurial Peruvian citizens who return from abroad) in El Peruano 24 Feb 2004. Regulated by Decreto Supremo 28 of 2005 in El Peruano 1 Mar 2005.

Geneva convention on refugees± and 1967 protocol.
See also CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONALITY

IMMUNITY

See DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITY

INCOME TAXATION
Ley del impuesto a la renta. Decreto supremo 179-2004-EF of 7 Dec 2004 (texto ordenado of the Ley del impuesto a la renta) in El Peruano 10 Dec 2004. This consolidation conforms to a decision of the Constitutional Court and derogates Decreto supremo 54-99-EF of 14 Apr 1999. This last translated, as amended in 2002, at http://checkpoint.riag.com/.‡ Current consolidated text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡ The original law, Decreto legislativo 774 of 1993 in El Peruano 31 Dec 1993 and reforms in Decreto legislativo 776 of the same date replaced 1981–1992 legislation. Spanish text of 1993 legislation in Doing business in Peru.* Discussed and analyzed to date in Taxation in Latin America.¤ The 1999 law amended and reformed by Ley 27,356 of 18 Oct 2000 and by Decreto legislativo 938 in El Peruano 18 Nov 2003 on the Regimen especial del impuesto a la renta, essentially dealing with personal income from commercial or passive sources. Further amended by Decreto legislativo 945 of 23 Dec 2003 in El Peruano 23 Dec 2003 and Decreto supremo 54-99-EF in El Peruano 4 Jul 2004.

Decretos supremos 63-2004-EF of 13 May 2004 and 134-2004-EF of 4 Oct 2004 in El Peruano 5 Oct 2004. Consolidates a number of changes introduced by Leyes 27,146–27,804 and Decreto legislativo 945. Amending the regulations to the income tax law.
Ley 27,804 of 2000. This law, designed to seek anticipatory income tax payments from certain categories of tax payers, had been regulated by Decreto legislativo 945 of 2004 (introducing various formulas). On 7 Jun 2004 the Constitutional Court declared such anticipatory collections unconstitutional.

Decreto legislativo 972 of 2007 (norms to be applied to taxation of interest (etc.) payments on capital, e.g., bank deposits) in El Peruano 10 Mar 2007. This covers both natural and juridical persons.

Decreto supremo 130-2007-EF of 27 Aug 2007 in El Peruano 28 Aug 2007. This concerns aliens (resident in Peru) who, during their residence generated income from Peruvian sources and who, at the time of their departure from Peru must provide SUNAT with necessary information. This enlarges on Decreto supremo 179-2004-EF in El Peruano 8 Dec 2004 amending the income tax law.
See also TAXATION

INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
Ley de propiedad industrial. Decreto legislativo 823 in El Peruano 24 Apr 1996. Spanish text reprinted in Doing business in Peru.* Implements Andean Community Decision 344 and repeals Decreto ley 26,017 of 28 Dec 1992 which had implemented Andean Community Decision 313. Translated in Industrial property laws and treaties of the world.¤ English translation at http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/.‡
Decreto ley 25,868 of 24 Nov 1992 (creates the Instituto Nacional de la competencia y de la Protección de la Propiedad Intellectual).

Ley 27,282 of 12 May 2000 (general seed law) in El Peruano 12 May 2000. Also creates the Comisión de Semillas.

Ley de semillas. Ley 27,282 of 8 Jul 2001 (seeds, their import, production and protections). Regulated by Decreto supremo 26-2008-AG in El Peruano 11 Oct 2008.
Decreto supremo 8-96-ITINCI of 3 May 1996 (regulations for the protection of plant breeders’ rights). English translation at http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/.‡

Protection accorded designs and other related copyrights briefly outlined following a template that provides a useful degree of digested information in Design and copyright protection of products: world law and practice.¤

See also GENETIC ENGINEERING

                 LICENSING AND FRANCHISING
                 PATENTS
                 TRADEMARKS AND TRADENAMES

INFANTS
See FAMILY

INFORMATION, DATA PROTECTION AND CYBERCRIME

Ley 27,806 of 2 Aug 2002 in El Peruano 3 Aug 2002. Major framework law governing public sector information and the rights of citizens to access public information and to information controlled by juridical persons. Modified by Ley 27,927 of 4 Feb 2003. Unified in force text provided by Decreto supremo 43 of 2003 in El Peruano 24 Apr 2003. Spanish text on the government portal at http://www.peru.gob.pe/ and at http://www.freedominfo.org/countries/peru.htm. Regulated by Decreto supremo 72-2003-PCM in El Peruano 3 Aug 2003.
Ley 3,612 (draft of 19 Aug 2002) (Internet domain names, assignment, settlement of disputes, registration, etc.).

Ley 28,119 of 12 Dec 2003 (limiting access to the Internet by minors accessing web pages with pornographic content and indicating responsibilities of servers and providers) in El Peruano 13 Dec 2003.

Ley 28,493 of 2005 (general policies governing unsolicited electronic communications, i.e., spam) in El Peruano 12 Apr 2005. Regulated by Decreto supremo 31-2005-MTC in El Peruano 4 Jan 2006.
The procedures for obtaining Internet domain names, along with detailed information, administrative and technical contacts, requirements and fees for the registration, the authority for allocating domain names and resolution of related conflicts outlined in Domain names.¤

Legal regulations and procedures for obtaining and registering a geographic domain name in Peru usefully explained, along with ICANN’s (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) dispute resolution policy, in Geographic domain name registration.¤
See also COMMUNICATIONS

INHERITANCE AND SUCCESSION
Civil Code, sections 660–930.

See also TRUSTS AND TRUSTEES
WILLS

INSOLVENCY
See BANKRUPTCY

INSURANCE
    Contratos de seguro. Commercial Code, sections 375–429.
    Ley general del sistema financiero de seguros y orgánica de la Superintendencia de Banca y Seguros. Ley 26,702 in El Peruano 9 Dec 1996. Current official text on the website of the Superintendencia de Banca at http://www.sbs.gob.pe/. Spanish text reprinted in Doing business in Peru.* Regulated regarding registration of insurance industry by Resolución 816 of 27 May 2004 in El Peruano 30 May 2004. Current official text and English translation on the website of the Superintendencia de Banca at http://www.sbs.gob.pe/. In effect this replaces the 1895 law (below), as amended, that governed most aspects of insurance companies, but some parts of the old law remain in force.
    Ley of 21 Dec 1895. Amended by Ley 9,796 of 27 Jan 1963. Regulated by Decretos supremos of 9 Jun 1943 and 2 Dec 1948 govern establishment of insurance companies. The great range of diverse and uncodified Peruvian insurance legislation listed and outlined briefly in Insuring foreign risks.¤

Resolución del Superintendencia de Bancas y Seguros 764 of 15 Oct 2001 (minimum capitalization requirements for insurance and reinsurance enterprises) in El Peruano 17 Oct 2001.

Ley marco de aseguramiento universal en salud. Ley 29,344 of 2009 (framework law on universal health insurance regulating public, private and mixed enterprises) in El Peruano 9 Apr 2009. This unifies various aspects of legislation and non-specifically derogates any law contrary.

Ley 29,355 of 2009 (creating a national register of information on insurance contracts covering life and personal accident) in El Peruano 9 May 2009.

Ley 29,361 of 13 May 2009 (mandatory publication by insurance entities of information and data on traffic accidents).

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
    See COPYRIGHT
          INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
          LICENSING AND FRANCHISING

INTELLIGENCE

See NATIONAL SECURITY AND STATE INTELLIGENCE

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

See ORGANIZATIONS

INVESTMENTS, FOREIGN
Decision 220 of 11 May 1987 of the Grupo Andino. Peru has adjusted and replaced its regulations to conform to Decision 220 with a framework law, Decreto legislativo 757 of 8 Nov 1991, amended by Decreto legislativo 25,541 of 11 Jun 1992 and regulated by Decreto supremo 94-92-PCM of 28 Dec 1992. Foreign investments guaranteed by Decreto legislativo 662 of 29 Aug 1991 in El Peruano 2 Sep 1991. Translated in 5 Inter-American legal materials¤ no. 4 (1992), 6 Inter-American legal materials¤ no. 2 (1992), South America: basic oil laws¤ supplement 108 and 7 Inter-American legal materials¤ no. 1/2 (1994). Current English translation on the Proinversión website at http://www.proinversion.gob.pe/ (click on “Languages”). Regulated by Decreto supremo 162-92-EF of 9 Oct 1992. Reprinted and translated in Investment laws of the world.¤ In effect, these instruments represent legislation implementing the most recent and controlling Andean decisions 290 and 291 of 1991 and also both guarantee and promote foreign investment. The old Andean foreign investment code of the restrictive Decisión 24 of 1971 and the Peruvian law of 1971 have now been totally replaced.
Ley general de expropiaciones. Ley 27,117 of 20 May 1999. Abrogates and replaces 1984 law.

Ley 28,059 of 2003 (framework law on promotion of decentralized investment) in El Peruano 13 Aug 2003. The regulations, Decreto supremo 15-2004-PCM in El Peruano 29 Feb 2004, abrogated by Decreto legislativo 1,012 of 2008 in El Peruano 13 May 2008. Lima ordinance 867 of 2005 (foreign investment in the municipality of Lima) in El Peruano 26 Nov 2005. Regulated in part by Decreto supremo 3-2002-SA (governing charges for health services) in El Peruano 25 May 2002.

    Ley 28,996 of 2007 (elimination of bureaucratic delays involved in procedures in connection with private investment) in El Peruano 4 Apr 2007. This eliminates barriers and streamlines procedures in Ley 27,444 of 2001 (administrative procedure).
    Decreto legislativo 704 of 5 Nov 1991 (consolidates and reforms legislation on free zones). Abrogated by Ley 24,977 of 4 Dec 2009.
    Decreto legislativo 839 (encouragement of investment in public works and public services) in El Peruano 20 Aug 1996. Spanish text reprinted in Doing business in Peru.*
    Decreto ley 22,775 of 6 Dec 1979 (oil taxation) and Ley 23,331 of 27 Dec 1980 (reinvestment tax credit) and Regulations, Decreto supremo 10-89-EF. Translated in Petroleum legislation¤ supplement 58.
    Decreto legislativo 702 of 5 Nov 1991 (norms applicable to investment promotion in telecommunications). Reprinted in 32 Revista jurídica del Peru 157 (1992).

Ley 27,688 (creating the Free Zone and Commercial Zone of Tacna with special conditions) in El Peruano 28 Mar 2002.

    Decreto supremo 59-96-PCM of 1996. The unified text (TVO) of norms with the effect of law regulating concessions to the private sector for public works and the infrastructure for public services. Consolidates a number of laws, including Decreto legislativo 674 of 25 Sep 1991 and much of Decreto legislativo 839 of 20 Aug 1996.
    Ley de promoción de la inversión privada en las sociedades de accionariado difundido. Regulated by Decreto supremo 33-92-EF of 19 Feb 1992.
    Ley de promoción de la inversión privada en las empresas del estado. Decreto legislativo 674 of 25 Sep 1991.
    Ley 27,037 (promotion of investment in Amazonia) in El Peruano 30 Dec 1998. Full Spanish text at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡ Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡ This major law has been affected by a series of related laws, particularly Ley 28,450 of 2004 in El Peruano 30 Dec 2004.

Ley 29,230 of 12 May 2008 (encouragement of, and investment in, the public sector at the regional and local levels with participation by the private sector) in El Peruano 20 May 2008.

    Decreto legislativo 757 of 13 Nov 1999 (framework law for encouragement of private investment). Current English translation on the Proinversión website at http://www.proinversion.gob.pe/ (click on “Languages”).
    Ley 26,174 of 22 Mar 1993 (special program for immigrants who wish to invest capital). Abrogated by Ley 24,977 of 4 Dec 2009.
    Ley 26,505 (regulates private investment on national lands and in native communities) in El Peruano 18 Jul 1995.

    Ley de promoción de la inversion en plantas de procesamento de gas natural. Ley 28,176 of 2 Feb 2004.
    Note: The investment regulations made by CONITE (Comisión Nacional de Inversiones y Tecnologias Extranjeras) following Decision 24 remain in force so long as they do not conflict with Decisions 220, 290 and 291, but these are subject to change.
    See careful and very comprehensive analysis of Foreign investment legislation in Peru in Taxation in Latin America,¤ 1 Inter-American legal materials¤ 41 (1983) and more fully in Spanish, as of 1982, in 2 Inter-American legal materials¤ 477 (1986). All earlier legislation has been liberalized with the 1991 legislative decree, but still remains to be further liberalized, reorganized and revised.
    Bilateral investment treaties: Bolivia (1993) (Spanish text reprinted), Colombia (1994) (Spanish text reprinted), Czech Republic (1994) (Spanish and English text), Denmark (23 Nov 1994) (English text translated in ICSID review: foreign investment law journal pg. 205), Paraguay (1994) (Spanish and English text), Portugal. Most texts reprinted in Investment laws of the world.¤
    ICSID investment disputes convention± 9 Aug 1993.
    See also DEBT CONVERSION

JUDGMENTS (INCLUDING FOREIGN JUDGMENTS)
    Civil Code, sections 2,102–2,111. Translated in International handbook on commercial arbitration¤ and World arbitration reporter.¤
    Code of Civil Procedure, sections 1,073 and following and 1,155–1,168.
    Peruvian legislation on registration and enforcement of foreign judgments described and outlined in detail in Enforcement of money judgments,¤ also pertinent sections of Code of Civil Procedure are translated.
    Procedures for the enforcement of foreign judgments in Peru very briefly sketched in Enforcement of foreign judgments worldwide.¤
    Procedures and related issues governing recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments and awards discussed in International recognition and enforcement of money judgments.¤

    Brief but useful question and answer format treatment of attachment of assets and the nation’s “present attitude” towards and procedures for enforcement of foreign money judgments provided in Latin American law: securing and enforcing judgments.¤
    Peru has reciprocal treaties on enforcement of foreign judgments with Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Italy and Venezuela.
    Inter-American judgments convention± 15 May 1980.

JURISTIC PERSONS

    See BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS
          COMPANY LAW
          CORPORATIONS

PARTNERSHIP

JUSTICE
See ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE

LABOR
Resolución ministerial 58-97-TR of 7 Jul 1997 in El Peruano 9 Jul 1997. This represents the first step in a codification of Peruvian labor law, a “Síntesis de la legislación laboral.” Full text in Spanish at http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.home.‡

Decreto supremo 12-2001-TR of 17 May 2001 in El Peruano 18 May 2001. Consolidated text of Administrative Procedures of the Ministerio de Trabajo y Promoción Social. This is a major consolidation and modernization of the vast range of decrees, regulations, etc., authorized for use in connection with labor matters. Some hundred citations are listed with directions for finding applicable texts, although the texts themselves are not reprinted in the gazette cited here.

Ley procesal del trabajo. Ley 2,947 of 2010 (establishes eight separate procedures, most importantly: ordinary procedures, abbreviated procedures, procedures subject to arbitration and provisional procedures). Amends Ley orgánica del poder judicial.

    Ley 25,593 of 2 Jul 1992 (collective labor relations) in El Peruano 2 Jul 1992. Regulated by Decreto supremo 11-92-TR in El Peruano 15 Oct 1992. Amended by Ley 27,912 of 8 Jan 2003 in El Peruano 2 Jan 2003. Consolidated text by Decreto supremo 10-2003-TR in El Peruano 5 Oct 2003.
    Ley del contrato del trabajo. Decreto ley 18,138 of 6 Feb 1970. Reglamento, Decreto supremo of 77-90-TR of 19 Dec 1990 in El Peruano 31 Dec 1990.
    Ley del Tribunales del Trabajo. Decreto supremo 3-80-TR of 26 Mar 1980.

Ley general de inspección del trabajo y defensa del trabajador. Ley 28,806 of 2006 in El Peruano 24 Jul 2006. Supplements but does not replace anything in Decreto supremo 12-2001-TR of 17 May 2001, nor does it replace Decreto supremo 4-96-TR of 11 Jun 1996. Conforms to requirements of the International Labor Organization treaties, etc. Regulated by Decreto supremo 19-2006-TR of 28 Jun 2001 in El Peruano 29 Oct 2006.

Ley orgánica del Ministro de Trabajo y promoción del empleo. Ley 27,711 of 2002 (a ministry created and empowered to replace the ministry created by Decreto 25,927 of 27 Nov 1992) in El Peruano 30 Apr 2002. Spanish text at http://natlaw.com/interam/.‡

Ley de formación y promoción laboral. Decreto legislativo 728 of 8 Nov 1991. Approved and promulgated by Decreto supremo 2-97-TR of 27 Mar 1997 as Texto unico ordenado. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡ This separates into two parts the Ley del fomento del empleo, Decreto legislativo 728 of 8 Nov 1991, which had been replaced by texto unico, Decreto supremo 5-95-TR of 17 Aug 1995. The 1997 decreto contains the first part. The second part, Ley de productividad y competitividad laboral, contained in Decreto supremo 3-97-TR of 27 Mar 1997 in a separate Texto unico ordenado. The Spanish text at http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.home ‡ is current only to 1993 laws, which were abrogated by a Decreto supremo of 17 Aug 1995.
Decreto legislativo 854 of 1 Oct 1996 (working day and hours of labor). Reformed and modified by Ley 27,671 in El Peruano 21 Feb 2002.

Ley 28,051 of 2 Aug 2003 (payment in support to workers subject to the Regime covering private labor activity (minimum wage)) in El Peruano 2 Aug 2003.

Reglamento de seguridad y salud en el trabajo. Decreto supremo 9-2005-TR of 2005. This is a comprehensive regulation governing health and safety in the labor environment. Employers were given eighteen months from 30 Sep 2005 to comply.

Ley de modalidades formativas. Ley 28,518 of 2005 (types of organizations within the labor/employer sector) in El Peruano 24 May 2005. Regulated by Decreto Supremo 7-2005-TR in El Peruano 19 Sep 2005.

Decreto legislativo in El Peruano 2 Feb 1977 (workers shares and profit sharing). Substantially governed by Decision 220 of the Andean Community Resolución 5-81-EFC/35 CONITE 23 Oct 1981 in El Peruano 28 Oct 1981 and implemented by Decreto ley 23,377 of 13 Apr 1982 (see INVESTMENTS, FOREIGN).

Ley 23,285 of 15 Oct 1981 (labor law accommodations for persons with physical, emotional or intellectual limitations).
Ley 28,048 of 8 Jul 2003 (protection of the pregnant mother in the labor environment) in El Peruano 1 Aug 2003.

Ley de compensation por tiempo de servicios. Decreto legislativo 650 of 23 Jul 1991.

Peruvian labor law analyzed in extensive detail, including labor contracts, collective bargaining, labor courts, etc., in International encyclopaedia for labour law and industrial relations¤ (although without full translations of legislation).

See also DISCRIMINATION

LICENSING AND FRANCHISING
Resolución 3-81-EFC/35 and 5-81-EFC/35, both of 23 Oct 1981, both by CONITE and both in El Peruano 28 Oct 1981. Implemented by Decreto ley 23,377 of 13 Apr 1982.
See also INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY

LOANS, FOREIGN
See DEBT CONVERSION

MARITIME LAW (ADMIRALTY)
Commercial Code. Libro III: Del comercio maritimo.
Specific concessions in Leyes 22,202 of 6 Jun 1978; 22,283 of 5 Sep 1978; 23,517 of 17 Dec 1982 and 23,623 of 27 May 1983.

Ley 28,583 of 2005 (encouragement of investment in the National Merchant Marine (maritime, river and coastal)) in El Peruano 22 Jul 2005.

Decreto supremo 14-2006-MTC of 2006 (regulations on commercial river transport pursuant to Ley 28,583 (above)) in El Peruano 4 Jun 2006. Replaces the regulations of Decreto supremo 5-2001-MTC of 2001.

Ley de puertos. Decreto ley 230 of 28 Aug 2002. Regulated by Decreto 274 of 24 Dec 2002 in El Peruano 7 Feb 2003.

Brief synoptic treatment of maritime legislation with citation to basic ship laws, ratification and signatures (not necessarily in force) of all national and international maritime conventions and membership of appropriate international bodies in International law of the shipmaster.¤

Liner conferences code of conduct± 21 Nov 1987; United Nations convention on the law of the sea± 10 Jun 2002.

MARRIAGE
Civil Code, sections 1–6, 233–247 and 287–293. Translated in 11 Annual review of population law.¤

See FAMILY

MILITARY AND DEFENSE MATTERS

Código de justicia militar. Decreto legislativo 961 of 11 Jan 2006 (code of military justice, covering criminal and criminal procedure aspects). In force 12 Jan 2006, except the sections of Book III dealing with procedure, that are in force 12 Jan 2007. Derogates any law in contrary.

Ley del regimen disciplinario de las fuerzas armadas. Ley 21,931 of 2008. Regulated by Decreto supremo 4-2008-DE.

Ley de organización, funciones y competencia de la jurisdiccion especializada en materia penal militar policia. Ley 28,665 of 2006. In force 125 days after publication.

Ley 27,942 of 26 Feb 2003 (prevention and sanctioning of sexual harassment in the labor, educational, military and other environments) in El Peruano 27 Feb 2003. Spanish text at http://www.glin.gov/.‡ Regulated by Decreto supremo 10-2003-MIMDES of 25 Nov 2003 in El Peruano 26 Nov 2003.

MINERALS AND MINING
Ley general de minería. Decreto supremo 14-92-EM of 2 Jun 1992 in El Peruano 4 Jun 1992. Spanish text reprinted in Doing business in Peru.* Translated and reprinted in Mining.¤ In effect this unified text reforms and replaces the Código de minería of 1949, as well as the 1971 Ley general de minería, and incorporates the 1991 law promoting investment in the mining sector, Decreto legislativo 708 of 7 Nov 1991. All translation of earlier laws and regulations (see below) should be used with caution.
The mining code regulated by Decreto supremo 18-92-EM of 7 Sep 1992 in El Peruano 8 Sep 1992 and Decreto supremo 3-94-EM of 14 Jan 1994 in El Peruano 15 Jan 1994 and Decreto supremo 45-2007-EM of 8 Sep 2007. Mining concessions are affected by Ley 26,505 as amended by Ley 26,570. Regulated by Decreto supremo 17-96-AG as reformed by Decreto supremo 14-2003-AG of 6 May 2003. Environmental aspects and controls in connection with mining activities regulated by Decreto supremo 16-93-EM, Reglamento para la proteccion ambiental en la actividad minero-metalurgica. Modified by Decreto supremo 22-2002-EM of 4 Jul 2002 and Decreto supremo 20-2008-EM (environmental regulations in regard to mining exploration) in El Peruano 2 Apr 2008. Derogates Decretos supremos 38-98-EM and 14-2007-EM.

Resolución 52-2004/SUNARP/SN (registration of mining rights and concessions) in El Peruano 12 Feb 2004.
Ley orgánica del sector energia y minas. Decreto ley 25,962 of 12 Dec 1992 in El Peruano 18 Dec 1992. Regulated by Decreto supremo 29-93-EM of 18 Jun 1993 (estructura orgánica y reglamento de organización y minas) in El Peruano 19 Jun 1993.

Ley 27,651 of 24 Jan 2002 (creation in fact and promotion of small mining enterprises and assisting small mining operations) in El Peruano 24 Jan 2002. This is a major addition to the 1992 mining code.

Ley de fiscalización de las actividades minerias. Ley 27,474 of 5 Jun 2001 (supervision of mining activities) in El Peruano 6 Jun 2001. Implemented and regulated by Decreto supremo 49-2001-EM in El Peruano 6 Sep 2001. Derogates and replaces Decreto supremo 12-93-EM of 1 Mar 1993 and Decreto ley 25,763. Tax remissions and duties associated with mining activities governed by Resolución ministerial 180-2003-EM/DM in El Peruano 30 Apr 2003. Reforms and consolidates earlier resolutions.

    Ley 28,090 of 13 Oct 2003 (regulating the closure and taking down of mining operation, covering technical, fiscal, environmental and labor concerns) in El Peruano 14 Oct 2003. Modified by Ley 28,507 of 2005 in El Peruano 8 May 2005. Regulated by Decreto Supremo 33-2005-EM in El Peruano 16 Aug 2005.
    Investment in the mining industry encouraged by Ley 26,615 of 24 May 1996 (national mining cadastre law) in El Peruano 25 May 19963. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡
    Decreto ley 22,333 of 1979. Translated as “Law of mining communities” in Mining legislation: South America¤ 1982.

Decreto supremo 10-2002-EM in El Peruano 9 Mar 2002. Simplified norms for the Derecho de Vigencia (annual payments to the government by mining and mineral prospecting concerns).

Decreto supremo 28-2008-EM in El Peruano 27 May 2008. Regulates participation of citizens, natural or juridical, in the mining sector under Ley 28,611 of 2005 (framework law on the environment). The regulations extend to right to information, right of consultation and review of all mining activities and proposals.

Ley de regalia mineria. Ley 28,258 of 24 Jun 2004 (mining royalties) in El Peruano 24 Jun 2004. Modified by Ley 28,323 of 2004 in El Peruano 10 Aug 2004. Regulated by Decreto supremo 157 of 2004 in El Peruano 15 Nov 2004. Modified by Decreto supremo 18-2005-EF in El Peruano 29 Jan 2005. This rather contentious law calls for payment of royalties by those holding mining concessions to the state government. These royalties for exploitation of mineral resources are then recalculated and distributed to regional and local governments and national universities situated in the zones where the mining takes place. Further norms regarding calculations in Resolución 35-2005-EF in El Peruano 15 Feb 2005. Constitutional Court decision Exp0048-204-PI/TC of 1 Apr 2005 in El Peruano 7 Apr 2005 found “unfounded” claims by a group of some 5,000 citizens that the law was unconstitutional. The complex formula for distribution of the funds is found in SUNAT resolución 176-2005/SUNAT of 17 Sep 2005. on the SUNAT website at http://www.sunat.gob.pe.
Ley 27,977 of 24 May 2003 (regulating the manufacture an control of [mined] gold) in El Peruano 29 May 2003. Regulated by Resolución ministerial 360-2004-MEM/DM (registry of mining producers of gold) in El Peruano 20 Sep 2004.

Decreto supremo 13-2008-EM (permitting privatization of mining wastes and dumps) in El Peruano 22 Feb 2008.

The earlier sequence of mining legislation translated in Mining legislation: South America¤ 1976. The regulations and supplementary laws have all been abrogated and are cited here only for historical purposes. Decreto supremo 25-72-EM/DS 1972 (Reglamentos, for Decreto ley 18,880). Translated in Mining legislation: South America¤ 1980 and summarized in detail in Mining and petroleum legislation¤ 1981 release. Ley general de minería. Decreto legislativo 109 of 12 Jun 1981 and Reglamentos, Decreto supremo 25-82-EM/VM of 30 Jul 1982, which substantially revises but does not entirely revoke or abrogate mining legislation 1900–1972. Translated in Mining legislation: South America¤ 1984.

MONEY LAUNDERING

Resolución SBS-838-2008 (norms on prevention of money laundering and activities financing terrorism applicable to enterprises listed in Ley 26,702 (See BANKS AND BANKING). These norms considerably modified and expanded by Resolución SBS-11,695-2008 in El Peruano 28 Nov 2008. The amendments meet requirement of the Grupo de Accion Financiera de Sudamerica (GAFISUD). Replace Resolución SBS-904-97 of 30 Dec 1997.

Ley 27,693 of 2002 (creating the UIF (Unidad de Inteligencia Financeira/Financial Intelligence Unit) and empowers its activities) in El Peruano 12 Apr 2002. Important amendments in 2003 and 2004. Regulated by Decreto supremo 168-2002-EF in El Peruano 31 Oct 2002 (with 2003 amendments) and Decreto supremo 18-206-JUS of 25 Jul 2006 (styling the law on achieving a system of prevention of money laundering and financing of terrorism). Current official text of all on the website of the Superintendencia de Banca at http://www.sbs.gob.pe/. The Department of Financial Intelligence is charged with detecting and preventing money-laundering activities. Further norms regarding the authority of the UIF contained in Resolución SBS-1725-2003 of 15 Dec 2003, Resolución SBS-556-2004 of 24 Apr 2004, Resolución 2006-EF/94.10 of 4 Dec 2006 and most detailed and current Resolución SBS-479-2007 in El Peruano 23 Apr 2007, as well as Resolución SBS-486-2008 in El Peruano 8 Mar 2008.

Resolución SBS-295-95 of 11 Apr 1995 (regulations on use of credit cards). Amended by Resolución SBS-271-2000 of 14 Apr 2000 (regulations preventing money laundering in the financial system). Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡

NATIONAL SECURITY AND STATE INTELLIGENCE

Ley 27,693 of 2002 (creating the UIF (Unidad de Inteligencia Financeira/Financial Intelligence Unit) and empowers its activities) in El Peruano 12 Apr 2002. Important amendments in 2003 and 2004. Regulated by Decreto supremo 168-2002-EF in El Peruano 31 Oct 2002 (with 2003 amendments) and Decreto supremo 18-206-JUS of 25 Jul 2006 (styling the law on achieving a system of prevention of money laundering and financing of terrorism). The Department of Financial Intelligence is charged with detecting and preventing money-laundering activities. Further norms regarding the authority of the UIF contained in Resolución SBS-1725-2003 of 15 Dec 2003, Resolución SBS-556-2004 of 24 Apr 2004, Resolución 2006-EF/94.10 of 4 Dec 2006 and most detailed and current Resolución SBS-479-2007 in El Peruano 23 Apr 2007, as well as Resolución SBS-486-2008 in El Peruano 8 Mar 2008.

Sistema de Inteligencia Nacional (SINA) and Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia (DINI)). This covers both the system and its administrative arm. Replaces Ley 27,479 of 5 Jun 2001 that had abrogated by Ley 25,635 1972 (the last had been deactivated by Ley 27,351 of 3 Oct 2000). DINI regulated by Decreto Supremo 26-2006-PCM in El Peruano 30 May 2006. SINA regulated by Decreto Supremo 025-2006-PCM in El Peruano 25 May 2006.

See also TERRORISM

NATIONALITY
See CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONALITY

NATURAL DISASTERS

Decreto supremo 37-2010-PCM of 15 Mar 2010 (plan de prevención por sismos/comprehensive plan for earthquake damage and recovery). Spanish text on the government portal at http://www.peru.gob.pe/.

NATURAL RESOURCES (INCLUDING ENERGY)
    Ley forestal y de fauna silvestre. Ley 27,308 of 15 Jul 2000. Derogating and replacing Ley 21,147 of 1975 and its amendments. Regulated by Decreto 2-2009-AG approving Decreto legislativo 1,090 of 15 Jan 2008 in El Peruano 16 Jan 2008 (as amended by Ley 29,317. These are comprehensive regulations, in effect the controlling instrument governing forestry activity and development and protection of forest resources.
    Ley 26,834 (protected areas for nature preservation) in El Peruano 4 Jul 1997. Full Spanish text at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡ Implemented in part by Decreto supremo 10-99-AG of 7 Apr 1999 in El Peruano 11 Apr 1999. Further regulated by Decreto supremo 38-2001-AG in El Peruano 26 Jun 2001. Full Spanish text at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡
    Electric generation, etc., governed by Decreto ley 25,844 of 6 Nov 1992 and regulated by Decreto supremo 9-93-EM of 29 Feb 1993. These effectively privatize the electrical energy sector and replace the General electricity law consolidated as Decreto supremo 9-92-EM. Contained in Resolución Ministerial 366-2001 of 27 Jul 2001 in El Peruano 6 Aug 2001.
    Ley orgánica de recursos geotérmicos. Ley 26,848 in El Peruano 29 Jul 1997.
    Ley 26,821 (organic law on utilization of sustainable natural resources) in El Peruano 26 Jun 1997. Regulated by Decreto supremo 68-2001-PCM of 20 Jun 2001 in El Peruano 21 Jun 2001. Full Spanish text of both at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡ Further regulated by Decreto supremo 74-2001-PCM of 22 Jun 2001 (national standards for environmental air quality) in El Peruano 24 Jun 2001.
    Ley de promoción del uso eficiente de la energía. Ley 27,345 of 5 Sep 2000.

Ley general de electrificación rural. Ley 28,749 of 2006 in El Peruano 1 Jun 2006. Regulated by Decreto supremo 25-2007-EM in El Peruano 3 May 2007. This also covers distribution and transmission of electrical energy and related concessions.

Decreto ley 1,001 of 2008 (investment in rural electrical systems) in El Peruano 2 May 2008. Regulated by Decreto supremo 29-2008-EM in El Peruano 30 May 2008.

Ley de recursos hidricos. Ley 29,338 of 2009 (first integrated law on water resources) in El Peruano 31 Mar 2009. This creates a Sistema Nacional de Gestión de los Recursos Hidricos and also covers ownership of water resources. Derogates Ley 17,752 (water code) and related Decretos legislativos 1,007, 1,081 and 1,083.

Decreto legislativo 1,090 of 28 Jun 2008 (forestry and wildlife). When brought into force this will replace Ley 27,308 of 15 Jul 2000 (above). The effective date of Decreto legislativo 1,090 was suspended by Ley 29,376 of 10 Jun 2009.

    Ley 28,100 (rights of ingress to the archeological park of Machu Picchu) in El Peruano 11 Nov 2003.
    See also MINERALS AND MINING
                  NUCLEAR ENERGY
                  PETROLEUM

NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS
Ley de titulos-valores. Ley 27,287 of 16 Jun 2000 in El Peruano 19 Jun 2000. Reforming and replacing 1966–1967 legislation and introducing an entirely different system governing negotiable instruments and commercial paper outside the Commercial Code as presently drafted. This is a comprehensive consolidation of the law on all documents of credit. It derogates and replaces a range of laws, decrees and codified laws (1963–1996), including some sections of the Ley del mercado de valores (below). Regulated by Decreto supremo 14-2002-EF in El Peruano 31 Jan 2002. Ley 27,287 (above) modified by Ley 27,640 of 17 Jan 2002 to include Titulos de credito hipotecario negociables. Regulated by Resolución SBS 942-2003 of 23 Jun 2003 in El Peruano 25 Jun 2003.
Inter-American bills of exchange convention± 25 Aug 1977; Inter-American check convention± 25 Aug 1977; Inter-American check convention± (2nd), 15 May 1980.

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

See ORGANIZATIONS

NOTARIES
Ley del notariado. Decreto ley 26,002 of 7 Dec 1992 in El Peruano 27 Dec 1992. Substantially amended by Ley 28,580 in El Peruano 12 Jul 2005.
Civil Code, sections 2,008–2,017.

Resolución ministerial 294-2008-JUS (regulating the national register) in El Peruano 30 May 2008. Derogates Resolución ministerial 175-2007-JUS (regulating the national register) in El Peruano 21 May 2007.
Ley de competencia notarial en asuntos no contenciosos (jurisdiction of notaries in non-contentious matters). Ley 26,662 of 22 Sep 1996. Modified by Ley 26,809 of 9 Jun 1997 and by Complementary law 27,333 of 27 Jul 2000 in El Peruano 30 Jul 2000.

NUCLEAR ENERGY
    Ley orgánica del Instituto Peruano de Energía Nuclear. Decreto ley 21,875 of 5 Jul 1977. Summarized in Nuclear law bulletin¤ no. 20. Regulated by Resolución suprema 54-91 of 25 Sep 1991 in El Peruano 2 Oct 1991 and Decreto supremo 23-98-EM of 24 Jun 1998, Texto unico de procedimientos administrativos del Instituto Peruano de Energia Nuclear in El Peruano 26 Jun 1998 and Decreto supremo 9-97-EM of 20 May 1997, Reglamento de seguridad radiologica in El Peruano 29 May 1997.
    Resolución 21-80-IPEN/AJ 27 Mar 1980 (regulations for nuclear authority regime) in El Peruano 21 Apr 1980. Summarized in Nuclear law bulletin¤ no. 32.
    Decreto ley 23,112 of 9 Jul 1980 (radioactive ores). Summarized in Nuclear law bulletin¤ no. 28.

Ley 28,028 of 17 Jul 2003 (use of radioactive ionizing sources) in El Peruano 18 Jul 2003. Regulated by Decreto supremo 41-2003-EM of 11 Dec 2003 in El Peruano 12 Dec 2003.

Vienna nuclear damage convention± 26 Nov 1980.

OBLIGATIONS
Civil Code, sections 1,132–1,988.
Ley 27,104 of 12 May 1999 (prevention of hazards due to biotechnological activities).

Ley 28,677 of 2006 (guarantees of personal property, chattel mortgages, etc.) in El Peruano l Mar 2006. In force 29 May 2006. Derogates sections 1,055–1,090 of the Civil Code and amends a range of laws. It creates a Registry of guarantee of mortgage contracts. This approach extends to the continuum of such obligations, even to judicial sales, payment of creditors, etc.

OIL AND GAS

See PETROLEUM

ORGAN AND TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION AND TRAFFICKING
Ley 28,189 of 16 Mar 2004 (donation and transplantation of human organs and body parts) in El Peruano 18 Mar 2004. Regulated by Decreto supremo 14-2005-SA of 23 May 2005 in El Peruano 27 May 2005. Abrogates Ley 23,415 as amended on the same subject. Derogates Ley 23,415 and in part Ley 27,282 of 8 Jun 2000 (below). Regulated by Marco regulatorio in El Peruano 27 May 2005.

Ley 27,282 of 8 Jun 2000 (promotion of organ transplants and donations).

ORGANIZATIONS

Ley of 8 Dec 2006 (supervision of non-governmental organizations).

PARTNERSHIP
Ley de sociedades. Ley 26,887 in El Peruano 9 Dec 1997. Abrogates and replaces the revised Ley general de sociedades [en comandita]. Decreto legislativo 311 of 12 Nov 1984 in El Peruano 14 Jan 1985. Sections 25–69 and 261–271. Sections 279–343 (“General companies law,” consolidated text). Translated at http://checkpoint.riag.com/.‡

PATENTS
    Ley general de la industria. Decreto legislativo 18,350 of 27 Jul 1970 in El Peruano 25 Jan 1971, sections 46–130. Translated in 1973 Industrial property: monthly review¤ 112.
    Ley de propiedad industrial. Decreto legislativo 823 in El Peruano 24 Apr 1996. Implements Andean Community Decision 344 and repeals Decreto ley 26,017 of 28 Dec 1992 which had implemented Andean Community Decision 313. Translated in Industrial property laws and treaties of the world.¤
    See also INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY

PENSIONS

See SOCIAL SECURITY, PENSIONS AND PUBLIC WELFARE

PERSONAL INJURY
See OBLIGATIONS

PETROLEUM
Ley orgánica de hidrocarburos of 13 Aug 1993. Ley 26,221 in El Peruano 20 Aug 1993 reforms Peruvian petroleum legislation, replacing the series of laws promulgated 1952–1991 and also eliminates the monopoly of the state-owned PETROPERU, which had been earlier curtailed by Decreto legislativo 655 of 6 Aug 1991. Decreto supremo 42-2005-EM in El Peruano 14 Oct 2005. This is an official consolidated text including modifications made by Ley 26,734 of 31 Dec 1996 (supervision of energy investments), Ley 26,817 of 23 Jun 1997, Ley 27,377 of 6 Dec 2000 and Ley 28,176 of 23 Feb 2004. This text is not necessarily the one translated below. Translated in in South America: basic oil laws¤ supplement 116 and Oil and gas.¤ Spanish text reprinted in Doing business in Peru.* Regulations for qualification of oil companies, Decreto supremo 47-93-EM of 12 Nov 1993. Translated in South America: basic oil laws¤ supplement 117. 1993 law also translated in 7 Inter-American legal materials¤ no. 1/2 (1995). Decreto supremo 55-93-EH of 17 Nov 1993 (consolidated regulations to Ley 26,221). Translated in South America: basic oil laws¤ supplement 126. Administrative procedures simplified by Decreto supremo 54-99-EM of 28 Sep 1999. Further regulations on refining and processing of hydrocarbons in Decreto supremo 51-93-EM in El Peruano 17 Nov 2003. Further modified by Decreto supremo 14 of 2004 in El Peruano 3 Jun 2004.

The substantial body of regulatory legislation on oil and gas exploration, production, extraction and taxation is best approached on the Hidrocarburos sector of the website of the Ministerio de Energia y Minas at http://www.minem.gob.pe/ (click on “Legislacion”).

    Decreto supremo 32-95-EF (establishing norms for taxation of petroleum activities). Regulating in part Ley 26,221 (above).
    Decreto supremo 30-98-EM of 3 Aug 1998 (regulating commercialization of hydrocarbon products). Replacing Decreto supremo 53-93-EM. Substantially modified by Decreto supremo 36-2004-EM in El Peruano 16 Sep 2004.
    Decreto supremo 46-93-EM of 24 Aug 1993 (environmental protection regulations for hydrocarbon activities). Translated in South America: basic oil laws¤ supplement 122.

Ley para la promoción de inversión en la exploración de recursos y reservas marginales de hidrocarburos a nivel nacional. Ley 28,109 in El Peruano 23 Nov 2003. Abrogates Decreto supremo 21-2001-EM in El Peruano 25 May 2001 and in effect replaces Ley 26,844 of 1997 (also encouraging investment in exploration and exploitation in the hydrocarbons sector and incentives for exploitation of marginal producing fields). Spanish text also available without charge from Barrows at barrows@belatlantic.net.

    Ley 28,176 of 2 Feb 2004 (encouragement of investment in processing plants for natural gas production) in El Peruano 24 Feb 2004.
    Decreto supremo 41-99-EM of 15 Sep 1999 (regulations for transportation of hydrocarbons via pipelines). Completes Decreto supremo 26-94 of 9 May 1994 (repealing part I) and also repeals Decretos supremos 22-96-EM and 21-96-EM.
    Decreto supremo 47-93-EM of 12 Nov 1993 (qualifying requirements for petroleum undertakings) in El Peruano 14 Nov 1993.
    Ley 26,225 of 24 Aug 1993 (PETROPERU, the state petroleum monopoly). Note: Essentially disassembled.
    Decreto supremo 55-93-EM of 20 Nov 1993 (regulations on exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons). Modified by Decreto supremo 22-99-EM of 16 Jun 1999.
    Ley 27,133 of 23 Apr 1999 (promotion of development and investment in the natural gas industry of Peru). Regulated by Decreto supremo 40-99-EM of 17 Jun 1999. Amended by Decretos supremo 18-200-EM of 27 Aug 2000.

Decreto supremo 10-2002-EM in El Peruano 9 Mar 2002. Simplified norms for the Derecho de Vigencia (annual payments to the government by mining and mineral prospecting concerns).

Ley del canon. Ley 27,506 of 9 Jul 2001 (taxation of petroleum and natural gas extraction activities). Amended most importantly by Ley complementaria del canon y sobre canon para petroleo y gaz en Piura y Tumbres, Ley 27,763 of 20 Jun 2002 in El Peruano 26 Jun 2002. Amended by Ley 28,277 in El Peruano 13 Jul 2004.

Ley 29,134 of 2007 (environmental effects in hydrocarbons sector, with goal to reduce pollution) in El Peruano 17 Nov 2007.

Decreto supremo 57-2008-EM (regulations for the commercial distribution of natural gas and liquefied natural gas) in El Peruano 11 Nov 2008. Derogates parts of Decreto supremo 30-98-EM (commercialization of hydrocarbon products).

See also MINERALS AND MINING

PHARMACEUTICALS AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

Ley general de salud. Ley 26,842 (health and the practice of medicine) in El Peruano 20 Jul 1997. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡ Repeals and replaces the Health code of 1970 and the 1992 law on pharmaceutical products. Regulated in part by Decreto supremo 21-2001-SA of 13 Jul 2001 (pharmaceutical establishments) in El Peruano 16 Jul 2001.

See also SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PLANT GENETICS

See GENETIC ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
LICENSING AND FRANCHISING

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

POLICE

Ley orgánica de la policia nacional del Peru. Ley 27,238 of 21 Dec 1999 (organic law on the National Police of Peru) in El Peruano 22 Dec 1999. Full text available in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡ Regulated by Decreto supremo 8-2000-IN of 4 Oct 2000 in El Peruano 6 Oct 2000. Derogates Decretos legislativos 371 and 744.

Ley de organización, funciones y competencia de la jurisdiccion especializada en materia penal militar policia. Ley 28,665 of 2006. In force 125 days after publication.
Ley de servicios de seguridad privada. Ley 28,879 of 18 Aug 2006 (private security service, including natural and juridical persons). Derogates, at least in part, Decreto supremo 005-94-IN (regulations for private security services) in El Peruano 12 May 1994. Spanish text at http://www.privatesecurityregulation.net/.‡

PRACTICE OF LAW AND PROFESSIONS

See ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING

PRIVACY
See INFORMATION, DATA PROTECTION AND CYBERCRIME

PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
See CONFLICT OF LAWS AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

PRIVATIZATION

See ECONOMIC LEGISLATION

PROCESS

PROPERTY (INCLUDING LAND AND REGIONAL PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION)
    Civil Code, sections 881–1,131.
    Ley de promoción del sector agrario. Decreto 885 modified by Ley 26,865 of 16 Jan 1998. Regulated by Decreto supremo 2-98-AG of 17 Jan 1998. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡
    Ley de reforma agraria. Decreto legislativo 653 of 1991. Regulations, Decreto supremo 11-91-AG in El Peruano 31 Mar 1991 replaces and liberalizes the 1969 law.
    Ley orgánica del sector agrario. Decreto legislativo 424 of 26 Jun 1987. Abrogated by Ley 24,977 of 4 Dec 2009.
    Decreto legislativo 1,064 of 2008 (régimen juridico por tierras de uso agrario) in El Peruano 28 Jun 2008. This is a general law and norms governing use of agricultural lands and their resources. Derogates Decreto 26,505 of 1995 except section 10.

Ley 28,294 (establishing a national integrated system of cadastry and its coordination with the property registry). Regulated by Decreto supremo 5-2006-JUS in El Peruano 25 May 2002. Full Spanish text of both at http://natlaw.com/interam/.‡
Ley 27,157 of 19 Jul 1999 (regularization of procedures for clearing titles to real property, single structures or condominiums) in El Peruano 20 Jul 1999. Derogating Decreto ley 22,112 and Decreto supremo 19-78-VC. Decreto supremo 9-99-MTC, Texto unico ordenado of Decreto legislativo 803, Ley de promoción del acceso a la propiedad formal and Ley 27,046 of 1999 creating the Comision de la Formalizacion de la Propiedad Informal and Decreto supremo 5-2002-JUS of 3 Mar 2001 in El Peruano 13 Jun 2003. This is a program to encourage registration of property held and/or occupied “informally.”

Decreto legislativo 992 of 2007 (regulation of the “Proceso de pérdida de dominio,” a procedure of extinction of rights and titles to property stemming from illicit sources) in El Peruano 22 Jul 2007. Regulated by Decreto supremo 10-2007-JUS in El Peruano 21 Oct 2007.

Decreto ley 23,112 of 14 Mar 1978 (establishing a system of ownership of horizontal property). Implemented by Decreto 19-78-VC of 27 Apr 1978.

Ley general de expropiación. Ley 27,117 of 10 May 1999 in El Peruano 20 May 1999. Official Spanish text at http://faolex.fao.org/.‡ Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡ Derogates and replaces Decreto legislativo 313 of 12 Nov 1984 as amended.
See also CULTURAL PROPERTY

HOUSING

PUBLIC WELFARE

See SOCIAL SECURITY, PENSIONS AND PUBLIC WELFARE

RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

See DISCRIMINATION

RULES OF COURT

SALES/VALUE ADDED TAXATION
The VAT system, introduced by 1991–1992 legislation, was reformed and replaced by Ley del Impuesto general a las ventas e Impuesto selectivo al consumo. Decreto legislativo 821 of 1997. This combines VAT with a new “selective” tax on consumption and replaces the 1993 VAT law. To date, regulations to the 1993 law, Decreto supremo 136-96-EF in El Peruano 31 Dec 1996, do not appear to have been replaced. Described in detail in Taxation in Latin America.¤ VAT law modified by Ley 27,039 of 30 Dec1998 in El Peruano 31 Dec 1998. Current consolidated text in Decreto supremo 55-99-EF of 15 Apr 1999 (“texto unico ordenado”) in El Peruano 15 Apr 1999. Full text of two last in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡ This special sales tax modified by Decreto supremo 119-EF-99 (sales of immovable property) in El Peruano 11 Jul 1999. Current amendments to the basic law by Decreto legislativo 944 of 23 Dec 2003 in El Peruano 23 Dec 2003.

Ley 27,350 of 2000 (introduced a parallel “Special sales tax”). Under authority given the President by Ley 27,434 of 2000 to legislate by decree for 60 days in matters of taxation, the Impuesto especial a las ventas has been derogated by Decreto legislativo 918 of 24 Apr 2001 in El Peruano 26 April 2001.

SATELLITE TRANSMISSIONS
See COMMUNICATIONS

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (INCLUDING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER)

For an analysis and comparison of Peruvian legislation on technology transfer, see: J. Leavy. “Latin American laws on transfers of technology, Rev.ed.” in 3 Inter-American legal materials¤ 353 (1987) and a brief outline in Investing, licensing and trading conditions abroad¤ 1988, and Law and business of licensing,¤ for a somewhat more comprehensive digest and International franchising law¤ for a brief chapter up to 1995.

See also GENETIC ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY

LICENSING AND FRANCHISING

ORGAN AND TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION AND TRAFFICKING

PHARMACEUTICALS AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

SECURITIES AND STOCK EXCHANGE

Ley del mercado de valores. Decreto legislativo 861 of 22 Oct 1996 in El Peruano 22 Oct 1996. Substantially amended by Leyes 26,827, 27,325, 27,287 and 27,649. Decreto supremo 93-2002-EF (provides current “Texto único ordenado” of the securities market) in El Peruano 15 Jun 2002. Reglamento 910-91-EF/94.10.0 of 24 Dec 1991 in El Peruano 2 Jan 1992. The 1996 legislation on the stock market abrogated and replaced Decreto legislativo 755 of 1991; however, earlier regulations continue in effect. Spanish text reprinted in Doing business in Peru.* Some regulations have continued in operation, e.g.: Resolución CONASEV (Comision Nacional Supervisoria de Empresas y Valores) 34-94-EF/94.10.0 of 8 Feb 1994 (investment funds); Resolución CONASEV 307-95-EF/94.10.0 of 22 Aug 1995 (important matters regarding issuance of securities); Reglamento de operaciones (within the trading circle of the market in Lima) of 1998; Supervisory regulation of 1 Aug 1998. All legislation on the securities market (as of 2007 more than 40 laws, decree laws, supreme decrees, resolutions, etc.) can be found in full text on the CONASEV website at http://www.conasev.gob.pe/. Also, most of the above laws or regulations are on the website of the Lima Stock Exchange in Spanish at http://www.bvl.com.pe/legal/marleg1.htm. English translations or summaries of this material to appear on the website are being developed.
Ley de titulos-valores. Ley 27,287 of 16 Jun 2000. Reforming and replacing 1966–1967 legislation and introducing an entirely different system governing negotiable instruments and commercial paper outside the Commercial Code as presently drafted. This is a comprehensive consolidation of the law on all documents of credit. It derogates and replaces a range of laws, decrees and codified laws (1963–1996), including some sections of the Ley del mercado de valores (above). Regulated by Decreto supremo 14-2002-EF in El Peruano 31 Jan 2002.

Statute of the Lima Stock Market. Resolución CONASEV 31-2003-EF/94.10 in El Peruano 27 Jul 2003.

Comisión Nacional Supervisoria de Empresas y Valores (CONASEV) resolución 359-93-EF/94 (insider trading practices) in El Peruano 22 Dec 1993.
Comisión Nacional Supervisoria de Empresas y Valores (CONASEV) 7-2002-EF/94.10 (creates the Tribunal Administrativo del CONASEV) in El Peruano 19 Feb 2002.

Comisión Nacional Supervisoria de Empresas y Valores (CONASEV) resolución 111-2003-EF/94.10 of 31 Dec 2003 (norms governing access to information of meetings of directors of public joint stock companies).

    Ley sobre bolsa de productos. Ley 26,361 of 23 Sep 1994 (commodities market) in El Peruano 30 Sep 1994. Regulated by Decreto supremo 105-95-EF of 17 Jun 1995 in El Peruano 24 Jun 1995 and Resolución CONASEV 67-96-EF/94.10 in El Peruano 5 Mar 1996.
    Ley general del sistema financiero y del sistema de seguros y orgánica de la Superintendencia de Banca y Seguros. Ley 26,702 of 7 Dec 1996. Amended by Ley 29,038 of 12 Jun 2007 (absorbs the Peruvian Financial Intelligence Unit into the Superintendency of Banks and Insurances)) in El Peruano 12 Jun 2007.
    Reglamento de fondos mutuos de inversión en valores y sus sociedades administradoras. CONASEV resolución 42-2003-EF/94.10 of 27 Jun 2003 in El Peruano 30 Jun 2003. Repeals Resolución CONASEV 2-97-EF/94.10.
    Reglamento del Registro publico del mercado de valores y sus sociedades administradoras. CONASEV resolución 79-97-EF/94.10 of 11 Feb 1997 in El Peruano 14 Feb 1997.
    Reglamento del los procesos de titulización de activos. CONASEV resolución 1-97-EF/94.10 of 8 Jan 1997.
    Reglamento de agentes de intermediación. CONASEV resolución 843-97-EF/ 94.10 of 26 Dec 1997 in El Peruano 27 Dec 1997. Regulated in part by Resolución CONASEV (Comision Nacional Supervisoria de Empresas y Valores) 8-2003-EF/194.10. Reglamento del sistema MVNET (electronic transfer of securities, etc.). In force 1 Jun 2003.

SECURITY (NATIONAL)

See NATIONAL SECURITY AND STATE INTELLIGENCE

SECURITY SERVICES (PRIVATE)

Ley de servicios de seguridad privada. Ley 28,879 of 18 Aug 2006 (private security service, including natural and juridical persons). Derogates, at least in part, Decreto supremo 005-94-IN (regulations for private security services) in El Peruano 12 May 1994. Spanish text at http://www.privatesecurityregulation.net/.‡

SERVICE OF PROCESS (PROCESS)

SEX DISCRIMINATION

See DISCRIMINATION

SHIPPING

See AIR AND SPACE LAW

MARITIME LAW
TRANSPORTATION AND SHIPPING

SOCIAL SECURITY, PENSIONS AND PUBLIC WELFARE
Decreto presidencial 14-74-TR. Consolidating texts of Decreto Legislativo 19,990 and Decreto legislativo 20,604 of 7 Aug 1974 in El Peruano 12 Aug 1974. Translated in 1974 Legislative series (ILO)¤ Peru 2.

Ley 27,617 of 28 Dec 2001. Restructuring of the pension system established by Decreto ley 19,990 (above).

    Ley de libre desafiliación informada, pensiones miníma y complementarias y regímen especial de jubilación anticipada in El Peruano 27 Mar 2007. This gives persons covered by a private pension system the right to return to the National Pension System and obtain a retirement pension. It also guarantees a minimum pension and a special regime for early retirement up to 31 Dec 2008.
    Social security law affecting pensions was reformed by Decreto legislativo 718 in El Peruano 10 Dec 1991.
    Health insurance legislation reformed by Decreto legislativo 724 in El Peruano 11 Dec 1991.
    Ley de creación del sistema privado de administración de fondos de pensiones. Decreto ley 25,897 in El Peruano 6 Dec 1992. Replaced by Decreto supremo 54-97-EF of 13 May 1997 (sole revised text) in El Peruano 14 May 1997. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡ Current official text on the website of the Superintendencia de Banca at http://www.sbs.gob.pe/. Regulated by Decreto supremo 4-98-EF in El Peruano 21 Jan 1998. Amended by Ley 27,988 in El Peruano 4 Jun 2003 (modifies the sole revised text, incorporating changes 1997–2003).
    Ley de modernazación de la securidad social en salud. Ley 26,790 of 1997 in El Peruano 17 May 1997. Regulated by Decreto supremo 9-97-SA of 8 Sep 1997 in El Peruano 9 Sep 1997.

SPORTS

See CULTURE, ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS

STATISTICS AND CENSUS

STOCK EXCHANGE

See SECURITIES AND STOCK EXCHANGE

TARIFFS
See CUSTOMS AND TARIFFS

TAX TREATIES
    Note: Recently concluded or revised tax treaties are indicated by the date of entry into force in parentheses. This should alert the user to the most current in-force treaty. Added protocols to existing treaties are not so highlighted.
    Bolivia, Canada (2004), Colombia, Ecuador, Sweden, Venezuela (for translation, see Decision 46 of the Andean Community in Taxation in Latin America¤).
    Translated in Taxation in Latin America.¤

TAXATION
Código tributario revisado. Decreto ley 25,859 of 18 Nov 1992 in El Peruano 24 Nov 1992. In force 1 Dec 1992 (containing general rules on taxation and replacing 1983–84 legislation). Most recent official consolidated text in Decreto legislativo 816 of 20 Apr 1996 in El Peruano 21 Apr 1996. Full Spanish text on the SUNAT website at http://www.sunat.gob.pe. Amended by Ley 27,335 in El Peruano 31 Jul 2000. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡
Tax laws have been reformed and consolidated by Decreto 25,988 of 21 Dec 1992 in El Peruano 24 Dec 1992 which repeals all taxes except the income tax, tax on business net worth, VAT, excise taxes and customs duties and governmental fees, etc., and social security contributions. Further reforms contained in Decreto legislativos 771 and 776 in El Peruano 31 Dec 1993. See also the current release on Peru in Taxation in Latin America.¤ The 1992 reforms have gone by the board.

Ley 28,932 of 2006 (authorizes the Executive power to legislate (by decree and with various limitations) in matters of taxation for a period of 90 days) in El Peruano 16 Dec 2006.

Ley 28,194 of 2004 (combating tax evasion and control of the economy) in El Peruano 23 Mar 2004. Implemented and modified by Decreto legislativo 975 of 2007 in El Peruano 15 Mar 2007 and consolidated current text in Decreto supremo 150-2007-EF in El Peruano 23 Sep 2007.

Decreto legislativo 940 of 15 Dec 2003 (establishing a system of payment of tax obligations to the central government) in El Peruano 20 Dec 2003. Implemented and regulated by Resolución 183-2004/SUNAT in El Peruano 15 Aug 2004. Application of Decreto 940 limited by Resolución SBS 1925-2004 in El Peruano 28 Nov 2004.

Ley 28,112 of 27 Nov 2003 (framework law on financial management in the public sector and functions of various national “systems”) in El Peruano 28 Nov 2003.

Ley general del sistema nacional de tesorería. Ley 28,693 of 28 Feb 2006 (comprehensive consolidation and centralization of laws on public finance). Following on Ley 28,112 of 27 Nov 2003 (above) (framework law on public sector financial administration).
Decreto legislativo 937 of 13 Nov 2003 (a new simplified tax system) in El Peruano 14 Nov 2003. Repeals Decreto supremo 57-99-EF of 14 Apr 1999.

Ley 28,079 of 27 Sep 2003 in El Peruano 27 Sep 2003. Delegates to the executive branch the authority to legislate (by decree) reforms to the tax system to be made by 5 Feb 2004. A series of decrees, Decretos legislativos 929–935 (reforming the tax system and methods of payment), in El Peruano 30 Nov 2003.
Decreto supremo 85 of 16 Jun 2003 (obligation of all entities, personal or juridical, owning two or more pieces of real estate to make a declaration of property ownership) in El Peruano 16 Jun 2003. Regulated by Resolución 190-2003/SUNAT in El Peruano 18 Oct 2003.

Decreto supremo 190-2003-EF of 24 Dec 2003 (tax payments and installments) in El Peruano 24 Dec 2003.
Ley penal tributaria. Decreto legislativo 813 of 19 Apr 1996 in El Peruano 20 Apr 1996. Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡

Ley 27,786 of 2002 in El Peruano 6 Dec 1992. Extends the Extraordinary solidarity tax of 1999 (reduced to a 2% payroll tax).

Impuesto al valor del patrimonio predial. Ley 23,552 of 29 Dec 1982. Last amended by Ley 24, 750 of 3 Dec 1987 in El Peruano 4 Dec 1987 (real property tax).

Ley 25,078 of 20 Jul 1989 granted Executive Branch extraordinary powers to legislate in tax and fiscal areas. Many separate changes were introduced by legislative and supreme decrees in Jul and Aug 1989. Consolidated text in Decreto supremo 218-90-EF of 24 Jul 1990 and Decretos legislativos 617–622 and 627 of 29 Nov 1990 in El Peruano 30 Nov 1990. Note: This law and regulation are essentially spent.

    Decreto supremo 90-2008-EF of 2008 (residency certificates in regard to double taxation exemptions government and authorization) in El Peruano 4 Jul 2008.
    Tax notes international, a weekly publication containing news on tax and related fiscal developments worldwide, along with substantive articles, maintains its own electronic database. This database, which contains either full text (reprint/translation) or summaries (in English) of legislation, proposed or pending legislation, regulation, information on tax treaty developments and general news reports on tax and fiscal matters, is available (to subscribers) on either the FEDTAX library of LEXIS or on DIALOG. The range of countries covered is so extensive as to render the coverage “universal.”
    See also ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING

INCOME TAXATION
SALES/VALUE ADDED TAXATION

TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

See LICENSING AND FRANCHISING

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

TELECOMMUNICATIONS
See COMMUNICATIONS

TERRORISM
Ley contra el terrorismo. Decreto legislativo 895 of 23 May 1998 (against particularly serious terrorism). Full text in Spanish, with English summary, at http://www.glin.gov/.‡

    Ley 27,913 of 6 Jan 2003. Delegating legislative authority to the executive department in matters concerning terrorism.
    Supreme Court resolución administrativa 5-2001 (establishing a permanent chamber for matters concerning terrorism and crimes of banditry) in El Peruano 2 Mar 2001.
    Resolución legislativa 27,544 of 25 Oct 2001 (approving international convention for suppression of financing terrorism, New York, 10 Jan 2000) in El Peruano 29 Oct 2001.
    Ley 27,486 of 13 Jun 2001 (requirements to establish the conditions of crimes of terrorism) in El Peruano 22 Jun 2001.
    Ley 27,468 of 28 May 2001 (exempting from payment of civil reparations for actions of terrorism when such have been covered by a pardon or amnesty) in El Peruano 1 Jun 2001.

Decreto supremo 4-2002-IN of 10 Apr 2002 (establishing a system of rewards and compensation in facilitating the capture of terrorists) in El Peruano 11 Apr 2002.

Decretos 923–927 of 20 Feb 2003 (terrorism, criminalizing the activity, on collaboration with authorities, etc.) in El Peruano 20 Feb 2003. Decreto ley 25,475 (criminalizes and outlines penalties for terrorism). Further modified by Decreto legislativo 985 of 2007 in El Peruano 22 Jul 2007.

Ley 27,693 of 2002 (creating the UIF (Unidad de Inteligencia Financeira/Financial Intelligence Unit) and empowers its activities) in El Peruano 12 Apr 2002. Important amendments in 2003 and 2004. Regulated by Decreto supremo 168-2002-EF in El Peruano 31 Oct 2002 (with 2003 amendments) and Decreto supremo 18-206-JUS of 25 Jul 2006 (styling the law on achieving a system of prevention of money laundering and financing of terrorism). The Department of Financial Intelligence is charged with detecting and preventing money-laundering activities. Further norms regarding the authority of the UIF contained in Resolución SBS-1725-2003 of 15 Dec 2003, Resolución SBS-556-2004 of 24 Apr 2004, Resolución 2006-EF/94.10 of 4 Dec 2006 and most detailed and current Resolución SBS-479-2007 in El Peruano 23 Apr 2007, as well as Resolución SBS-486-2008 in El Peruano 8 Mar 2008.

Ley 27,765 of 2002 (criminalizes and regulates money laundering activities). Decreto ley 25,475 of 1992 (defines terrorism). Ley 27,693 of 2002, as modified by 2004 laws creates a Financial Intelligence Unit and empowers its activities. Analyzed in Spanish and explained in detail at http://www.gafisud.org/.‡

Inter-American corruption convention± Bridgetown, Barbados, 3 Jun 2003. Ratified by Decreto supremo 76-2003-RE of 6 Jun 2003.

TOURISM
Ley general de turismo. Ley 29,408 of 2009 (tourism) in El Peruano 18 Sep 2009. Derogates Ley 26,961 of 1998.

Ley 27,889 of 10 Dec 2002 (funding and imposing a tax for promotion and development of tourism) in El Peruano 19 Dec 2002. Regulated by Decreto supremo 7 of 2003 in El Peruano 13 Feb 2003.

Ley 28,982 of 2007 (protection and security of tourists) in El Peruano 3 Mar 2007. Amends the Criminal Code.

TRADEMARKS AND TRADENAMES
    Decreto ley 203 of 2 May 2000 (trademarks and other distinctive signs) in El Peruano 2 May 2000.
    Pan-American trademarks convention;± WIPO trademark law treaty,± 6 Nov 2009.
    See also INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
                  PATENTS

TRANSPORTATION AND SHIPPING
Ley general de transporte y transito terrestre. Ley 27,181 of 8 Oct 1999. Regulated by Decreto supremo 16-2009/MTC (consolidated text of the Reglamento nacional de transito y código de transito) in El Peruano 22 Apr 2009.

Ley de Creación de la Superintendencia de Transporte Terrestre de Personas, Carga y Mercancias. Ley 29,380 of 2009 (agency in charge of consumer protection in the transport sector) in El Peruano 16 Jun 2009.

See also AIR AND SPACE LAW

MARITIME LAW

TRUSTS AND TRUSTEES
Ley general de institutiones bancarías, sections 314–356, fideicomiso. Spanish text reprinted in Trust laws of the world.¤

UNFAIR COMPETITION
See ANTITRUST AND TRADE REGULATION

VALUE ADDED TAXATION
See SALES/VALUE ADDED TAXATION

WILLS
Civil Code, sections 686–814.

See also INHERITANCE AND SUCCESSION

WORKER’S COMPENSATION
See LABOR

*Doing business in Peru. Estudio Rubio. Leguía, Normand and Asociados, Yonkers, N.Y., Juris Publishing, 1999– 2 vols. (looseleaf). No longer supplemented.

Peru Introduction

Subject Headings (A-H)